Reward retraining: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a novel treatment approach for transdiagnostic binge eating.

OBJECTIVE: Low reward response to conventionally rewarding stimuli and high reward response to food (i.e., reward imbalance), has been supported as a maintenance factor for eating disorders characterized by binge eating. The current study was a pilot randomized controlled trial testing a novel treatment approach for binge eating targeting reward imbalance, called Reward Re-Training (RRT), in comparison to a therapeutic attention control condition (supportive psychotherapy; ST). METHOD: Fifty-nine participants were randomly assigned to receive either 10 group sessions of RRT or ST via videoconferencing software. Assessments of eating pathology and hypothesized treatment targets were completed at pretreatment, mid-treatment, and posttreatment, and 3-month following the end of treatment. RESULTS: Feasibility and acceptability success benchmarks were achieved. Results found a significant indirect effect of RRT on lower posttreatment global eating pathology through decreases in reward to food from pretreatment to mid-treatment. No significant differences were observed between groups in terms of change in hypothesized treatment mechanisms or outcomes at posttreatment or 3-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: The current study supports the feasibility and acceptability of RRT, and the preliminary efficacy of both RRT and ST. Further research comparing these approaches to CBT would help to inform who might benefit from non-CBT based treatment approaches. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: The current pilot study supports the feasibility and acceptability of Reward Re-Training (RRT) as a treatment for binge eating (BE). RRT produced large, but similar, reductions in overall eating pathology and BE frequency compared to supportive psychotherapy (ST) by 3-month follow-up. This study supports further testing of indirect treatments such as RRT for binge eating.

Reward mediates the association between engagement in noneating activities and state body dissatisfaction: An ecological momentary assessment study.

OBJECTIVE: Momentary worsening (i.e., greater than one's average levels) of state body dissatisfaction (BD) has been implicated as a proximal risk factor for eating disorder (ED) behaviors in binge-spectrum EDs. Yet, research exploring the prospective association between noneating activities in daily life (e.g., chores, self-care/coping) and momentary state BD remains limited. Understanding the momentary link between engagement in noneating activities and state BD, and pathways through which engagement in said activities influences momentary state BD is critical to informing treatments. The current ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study examined whether (1) engagement in noneating activities at Time 1 prospectively predicted momentary state BD at Time 2 and (2) reward drawn from noneating activities at Time 1 mediates the prospective association between engagement in noneating activities at Time 1 and momentary state BD at Time 2. METHOD: Sixty-six adults with transdiagnostic binge eating completed an EMA protocol over 7-14 days. Participants received six EMA signals per day (total EMA observations = 4038). Multilevel modeling was used to examine the research questions. RESULTS: Engagement in an indoor hobby, outdoor recreation, socializing, and self-care/coping strategies prospectively predicted momentary state BD improvements, while using TV/social media and cooking prospectively predicted momentary state BD worsening. Reward drawn from engagement in these noneating activities mediated the associations. DISCUSSION: If replicated, these findings suggest that increasing the frequency of certain noneating activities and enhancing their rewarding aspects to improve state BD and decrease ED behavior risk during treatment may be worthy of further exploration. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Momentary worsening of state body dissatisfaction (BD) is a risk factor for eating disorder behaviors in individuals with binge eating. This study found that engaging in certain noneating activities (e.g., socializing) prospectively predicted momentary improvements in state BD, while other noneating activities (e.g., cooking) predicted momentary worsening of state BD. Reward drawn from activities mediated these relations. To improve state BD, treatments should target the frequency of, and reward obtained from these noneating activities.

Anhedonia in cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating spectrum disorders.

Anhedonia is theorized as being relevant to binge eating spectrum disorders (BESDs) by palatable foods substituting the pleasure typically obtained from day-to-day activities. The current study examined whether anhedonia is associated with eating pathology at baseline and whether it predicts cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes alone and when controlling for non-anhedonia depression symptoms. Ninety-three individuals from two randomized controlled trials completed the Eating Disorder Examination and Beck Depression Inventory-II at pre-, mid-, and post-treatment. Results showed that anhedonia was positively associated with global eating pathology at baseline, and larger pre- to mid-treatment anhedonia and non-anhedonia reductions predicted larger pre- to post-treatment global eating pathology reductions, though the anhedonia association was no longer significant when controlling for non-anhedonia depression. Anhedonia appears to be related to global eating pathology in CBT for BESDs, but not loss of control eating. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between anhedonia and BESDs.

Changes in affect from non-eating activity engagement as predictors of loss of control eating: an ecological momentary assessment study.

PURPOSE: Loss of control eating (LOCE) is supported as a maladaptive regulation strategy for high negative affect (NA) and low positive affect (PA). Yet, little is known about the day-to-day activities outside of eating that may precipitate such changes in affect and impact risk for LOCE. The current ecological momentary assessment study sought to examine whether (1) low NA and high PA at a given survey would prospectively predict lower likelihood of a LOCE episode at the next survey, and (2) having recently engaged in various non-eating activities would be associated with changes in average NA and PA levels at the same survey. METHODS: Data collected from 66 participants with LOCE over 7-14 days were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: High NA but not low PA at a given survey prospectively predicted lower likelihood of a LOCE episode at the next survey. Having recently engaged in outdoor recreation and socializing was associated with lower than one's usual NA and higher than one's usual PA at the same survey, social media was associated with higher than one's usual NA and lower than one's usual PA, self-care was associated with higher than one's usual PA, and napping was associated with lower than one's usual PA. CONCLUSION: Individuals may benefit from increasing the frequency of daily non-eating activities that reduce NA, since it appears to be a more salient predictor of LOCE than PA. Further research is needed to elucidate this LOCE maintenance model, particularly in regard to the role of PA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, multiple time series without intervention.

Real-time predictors of body dissatisfaction in females with binge eating: an ecological momentary assessment study.

PURPOSE: Body dissatisfaction (BD) is supported as a maintenance factor for eating disorders (EDs) characterized by binge eating (BE). Although it is traditionally conceptualized as a trait construct, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies have shown that it fluctuates within-day and that momentary elevations in BD prospectively predict near-time ED behaviors. However, less is known about the contextual factors that precipitate these fluctuations in BD. METHODS: The current study thus sought to examine whether certain internal (i.e., negative affect, shape/weight-related cognitions) and environmental (i.e., attending social events, being exposed to thin-ideal media, spending time on social media) factors prospectively predict momentary elevations in BD in females with BE. Participants (n = 25) completed an EMA protocol over 14 days. RESULTS: Data on BD and internal and environmental factors were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results showed that (1) greater than one's usual negative affect and shape/weight-related cognitions, and (2) spending time on social media prospectively predicted momentary elevations in BD. Interestingly, attending social events prospectively predicted momentary reductions in BD. CONCLUSION: These findings may have important implications for conceptualizing and managing BD to prevent ED behaviors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, controlled trial without randomization.

The Reward Re-Training protocol: A novel intervention approach designed to alter the reward imbalance contributing to binge eating during COVID-19.

Reduced exposure to social reward during the COVID-19 pandemic may result in both reduced reward response to day-to-day life activities and elevated reward response to substances or naturally rewarding stimuli (e.g., food). The combined hypo- and hyper-reward responses results in a reward imbalance, which has been noted as a relevant maintenance factor for eating disorders (EDs) characterized by binge eating. This registered report describes the protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing supportive therapy to a novel treatment targeting reward imbalance (Reward Re-Training; RRT) for individuals with binge eating. Aims of the current study include to confirm feasibility and acceptability of RRT, to evaluate the ability of RRT to engage critical targets, and to provide preliminary estimates of efficacy in reducing ED symptoms at both posttreatment and 3-month follow-up. Sixty participants will be randomized to either RRT or supportive therapy. For both conditions, treatment will be delivered in 10 weekly group outpatient therapy sessions conducted remotely using videoconferencing software. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, mid-treatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up to measure feasibility, acceptability, critical treatment targets (i.e., reward to day-to-day life activities, reward to palatable foods, social isolation, and loneliness), and ED symptoms.

The project COMPASS protocol: Optimizing mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral treatment for binge-eating spectrum disorders.

Outcomes from cognitive behavioral therapy for binge-eating spectrum disorders are suboptimal, possibly due in part to deficits in self-regulation (i.e., the ability to control behavior in pursuit of long-term goals despite internal challenges). Mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments (MABTs) integrate behavioral treatment with psychological strategies designed to enhance self-regulation, yet little is known about how and for whom they are effective. The present study will utilize the multiphase optimization strategy to identify which of four MABT components (mindful awareness, distress tolerance, emotion modulation, values-based decision making) to include in a fully powered clinical trial. Participants (n = 256) will be randomized to 16 sessions in one of 16 conditions, each a different combination of MABT components being included or excluded from a base behavioral treatment. Our primary aim is to evaluate each component's independent efficacy on disordered eating symptoms. Our secondary aims are to confirm each component's target engagement (i.e., whether each component improves the targeted variable and outcomes), and test that each component's efficacy is moderated by baseline weaknesses in the same component (e.g., that participants with poor distress tolerance at baseline benefit most from the distress tolerance component). Our exploratory aim is to quantify the component interaction effects.

Hedonic hunger as a mechanism of action in outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Hedonic hunger (i.e., the motivation to consume palatable foods in the absence of an energy deficit) has been associated with the onset and maintenance of loss of control (LOC) eating. However, it remains underexplored as a mechanism of action in outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa (BN). In the present study, we hypothesized that reductions in hedonic hunger would significantly mediate reductions in overall eating pathology and LOC episodes in two samples (N1 = 28, N2 = 23) of 20 and 16 sessions, respectively. METHOD: Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Power of Food Scale (PFS) at pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS: In both samples, EDE Global scores, LOC episodes, and PFS Total scores significantly improved over the course of treatment. In Sample 1, significant indirect effects of PFS Total scores on EDE Global scores and LOC episodes were observed. In Sample 2, the indirect effect of PFS Total scores was significant on EDE Global scores and nonsignificant on LOC episodes though it followed a similar pattern of change. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that reductions in hedonic hunger are associated with better outcomes in CBT for BN. Replication and further research is needed to elucidate the treatment components driving these reductions.