[Effects of berberine on LPS /NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in PCOS model rats].

Objective: To investigate the effects of berberine on glucose and lipid metabolism, sex hormone binding protein, adiponectin (LPS), NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) model rats. Methods: Female SD rats were randomly divided into control group, PCOS model group, berberine (0.216 g/kg) group, metformin (0.135 g/kg) group and Dyne-35 (0.18 mg/kg) group, 10 rats in each group. The rats in PCOS model group were treated with letrozole 1 mg.kg-1 by ig for 3 weeks. After 28 days of drug intervention, the body constitution, ovarian and uterine indexes of the rats were detected, and the changes in the number of ovarian follicles were observed by HE staining. The levels of serum sex hormone, glucose and insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol, sex hormone-binding protein and adiponectin were determined by ELISA, and the protein expressions of p38-MAPK, C-Jun and NF-κB in ovarian tissues were determined by Western blot. Results: Compared with control group, body weight of model group was increased (P＜0.05), and uterine index was decreased (P＜0.05); The number of follicles was increased (P＜0.05). Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and LH/FSH ratio were increased (P＜0.05), follicular estrogen (FSH) level was decreased (P＜0.05), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting insulin and insulin index (HOMA) were increased (P＜ 0.05). The content of sex hormone binding protein (SHBG) was decreased and the content of adiponectin (LPS) was increased (P＜0.05). The protein expressions of p38-MAPK, c-Jun and NF-κB in ovarian tissue were up-regulated (P＜0.05). Compared with model group, in berberine group, the uterine index and the number of secondary follicles were increased(P＜0.05), the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) , testosterone (T) and the ratio of LH/FSH were decreased (P＜0.05), and the protein expression levels of p38-MAPK and NF-κB in ovarian tissue were down-regulated (P＜0.05), which were similar to those of Dyne-35 group. Berberine significantly decreased serum triglyceride (TG), insulin level and insulin index (P＜0.05), increased serum SHBG level and decreased serum LPS level (P＜0.05), which were similar to those of metformin. Conclusion: Berberine can regulate sex hormone disorder and insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS rats by down-regulating the expressions of p38-MAPK and NF-κB protein in ovarian tissues and decreasing the serum content of LPS.

Effects of anti-diabetic drugs on sarcopenia: Best treatment options for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia.

Human life expectancy increases as society becomes more developed. This increased life expectancy poses challenges associated with the rapid aging of the population. Sarcopenia, an age-related disease, has become a worldwide health issue. Patients with sarcopenia experience decreases in muscle mass and function, becoming frail and eventually bedridden. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is also a major health issue; the incidence of T2DM increases with aging. T2DM is associated with reduced muscle strength and poor muscle quality and may contribute to acceleration of the aging process, augmenting age-related sarcopenia. Recent studies indicate that elderly patients with diabetes are at an increased risk for sarcopenia. Therefore, these older diabetic patients with sarcopenia need specific anti-diabetic therapies targeting not only glycemic control but also sarcopenia, with the goal of preventing sarcopenia in pre-sarcopenic patients. Presently, various types of hypoglycemic drugs are available, but which hypoglycemic drugs are better suited for geriatric T2DM patients with sarcopenia remains undetermined. In this review, we discuss the association between diabetes and sarcopenia in geriatric patients, and how anti-diabetic drugs may influence sarcopenia outcomes. This review will guide clinical workers in the selection of drugs best suited for this patient population.

Inverted U-Shaped Associations between Glycemic Indices and Serum Uric Acid Levels in the General Chinese Population: Findings from the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and glycemic indices, including plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postload glucose (2h-PG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), remains inconclusive. We aimed to explore the associations between glycemic indices and SUA levels in the general Chinese population.@*Methods@#The current study was a cross-sectional analysis using the first follow-up survey data from The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study. A total of 105,922 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 40 years underwent the oral glucose tolerance test and uric acid assessment. The nonlinear relationships between glycemic indices and SUA levels were explored using generalized additive models.@*Results@#A total of 30,941 men and 62,361 women were eligible for the current analysis. Generalized additive models verified the inverted U-shaped association between glycemic indices and SUA levels, but with different inflection points in men and women. The thresholds for FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c for men and women were 6.5/8.0 mmol/L, 11.0/14.0 mmol/L, and 6.1/6.5, respectively (SUA levels increased with increasing glycemic indices before the inflection points and then eventually decreased with further increases in the glycemic indices).@*Conclusion@#An inverted U-shaped association was observed between major glycemic indices and uric acid levels in both sexes, while the inflection points were reached earlier in men than in women.

Lead aVL in combination with lead V1:A new method for identifying premature ventricular contractions originating from aortic sinus cusp / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To explore the validity of lead aVL in combination with lead V1 for identifying idiopathic outflow tract premature ventricular contractions(PVCs)originating from aortic sinus cusp(ASC).Methods This study consecutively enrolled 102 idiopathic outflow tract PVCs patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation at the Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University between January 2015 and August 2017.We compared the QRS wave amplitudes in the surface twelve leads electrocardiography between PVCs originating from ASC and right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT).Results(1)The origin sites of PVCs were ASC(n=28,27.5％)and RVOT(n=74,72.5％).The lead V1R/S wave amplitude ratio and lead aVL S wave amplitude were significantly higher in the ASC group than in the RVOT group[(1.14±1.32)vs.(0.16±0.18),P＜0.001;(0.99±0.36)mV vs.(0.56±0.26)mV,P＜0.001].The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUCs)and 95％confidence intervals of V1R/S wave amplitude ratio and aVL S wave amplitude had relatively larger AUCs which were 0.894(0.824-0.964)and 0.831(0.749-0.912),with the cut-offs of 0.25 and 0.80 respectively.(2)The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the lead V1R/S wave amplitude ratio＞0.25 to identify ASC originating PVCs were 78.9％,83.7％and 82.4％,respectively.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the lead aVL S wave amplitude＞0.80 mV were 78.6％,85.1％and 83.3％,respectively.The lead aVL S wave amplitude＞0.80 mV in combination with the lead V1R/S wave amplitude ratio＞0.25 was applied to developed a new diagnostic approach and the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 60.7％,93.2％and 84.3％,respectively.Conclusions Lead aVL in combination with lead V1 could be applied to develop a more accurate method for identifying ASC originating PVCs.

The effect of combinatory use of small dosage of aspirin with compound danshen dropping pills on type 2 diabetes patients' hypercoagulation blood / 重庆医学

Objective To study the joint effect of small dosages of Aspirin and compound Danshen dropping pills on type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients'and impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) patients' hypercoagulation blood.Methods The study followed diagnostic standards for T2DM by World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999,and randomly selected two groups of clinical patients:one had 63 patients with IGT and the other contained 68 patients with T2DM.Both groups took compound Danshen dropping pills with the total dosage of 10 pills each time,3 times per day,for continuum of 3 months.After that both groups stopped medication for 7 days,then began taking Aspirin after meal,with the dosage of 100 mg per day,for a continuum of 3 month.After that both groups stopped the medication for 7 days,then both group continued to take same dosage of ASA with addition of compound Danshen dropping pills of total amount of 10 pills per each time,3 times per day,for acontinuum of 3 months.Each medication period (ev ery 3 months) was monitored for platelet count (PET),prothrombin time (PT),kaolin partial thromboplastin time (APPT),The effective rate of anticoagulation for both groups were then calculated.Results The difference of PT、APTT between before and after taking single dosage of ASA for patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was statistically significant (P＜0.05),while patients with T2DM had no significant difference before and after taking same single dosage of ASA.Similarly, both groups with single dosage of compound Danshen dropping pills had no significant difference between before and after taking the medication.However,the difference of PT、APTT between before and after taking the combination of Aspirin and Danshen dropping pills of both groups were statistically significant (P＜0.05).IGT group with single dosage of ASA had an effective rate of 71.4％ for anti coagulation,while T2DM group with the same dosage reached 23.8％.The IGT group with combinatory dosage of ASA and Danshen dropping pills reached an effective rate of 100％ for anticoagulation,while T2DM group with the same dosage was 86.7％.The difference between those effective rates of anticoagulation was statistically significant in different medicine takeways of two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion The combinatory use of small dosage of Aspirin with compound Danshen dropping pills had evident effect to improve IGT and hypercoagulation blood of T2DM patients who had good control of their blood glucose.

Use of First-phase Insulin Secretion in Early Diagnosis of Thyroid Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>A relationship between hyperthyroidism and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported. Therefore, this study explored the use of first-phase insulin secretion in the differential diagnosis of thyroid diabetes (TDM) and T2DM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In total, 101 patients with hyperthyroidism were divided into hyperthyroidism with normal glucose tolerance (TNGT), hyperthyroidism with impaired glucose regulation (TIGR), and diabetes (TDM) groups. Furthermore, 96 patients without hyperthyroidism were recruited as control groups (normal glucose tolerance [NGT], impaired glucose regulation [IGR], and T2DM). The following parameters were evaluated: homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR, HOMA-β, modified β-cell function index (MBCI), peak insulin/fasting insulin (IP/I0), AUCins-OGTT, and AUCins-OGTT/AUCglu-OGTTfrom the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) insulin release test were utilized to assess the second-phase insulin secretion, while the IP/I0, AIR0'~10', and AUCins-IVGTTfrom the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) insulin release test were used to assess the first-phase insulin secretion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the OGTT, the HOMA-β values of the TNGT and TDM groups were higher than those of the NGT and T2DM groups (all P< 0.05). In the hyperthyroidism groups, the MBCI of the TDM group was lower than that of the TNGT and TIGR groups (all P< 0.05). Among the control groups, the MBCI values of the IGR and T2DM groups were lower than that of the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (all P< 0.05). In the IVGTT, insulin secretion peaked for all groups at 2-4 min, except for the T2DM group, which showed a low plateau and no secretion peak. The IP values of the TNGT, TIGR, and TDM groups were higher than those of the NGT, IGR, and T2DM groups (all P< 0.05). The Ip/I0, AIR0'~10', and AUCins-IVGTTvalues of the TDM group were higher than those of the T2DM group but were lower than those of the TNGT, TIGR, NGR, and IGR groups (all P< 0.05). Compared with the other five groups, the Ip/I0, AIR0'~10', and AUCins-IVGTTvalues of the T2DM group were significantly decreased (all P< 0.05). The Ip/I0and AUCins-IVGTTvalues of the TNGT group were higher than those of the NGT group (all P< 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>β-cell function in TDM patients is superior to that in T2DM patients. First-phase insulin secretion could be used as an early diagnostic marker to differentiate TDM and T2DM.</p>

The Relationship between Serum Osteocalcin Concentration and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ­ The Role of Osteocalcin in Energy Metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Recent animal studies have found that the osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts could participate in glucose and lipid metabolism. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum osteocalcin concentration and glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: 985 patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into the male group (n = 495) and the postmenopausal female group (n = 490). The average ages were 54.42 ± 10.535 and 64.93 ± 9.277, respectively. We collected the parameters of age, duration, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, fasting C peptide, blood lipid, 25 (OH) VD3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), ß-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ß-CTx), osteocalcin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The relationship of osteocalcin and these parameters were analyzed by Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Osteocalcin was negatively correlated with HbA1c (p < 0.05) and it was also an independent relevant factor affecting HbA1c in both groups. Osteocalcin was positively correlated with HOMA-ß and it was an independent relevant factor affecting HOMA-ß in male group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the association between serum osteocalcin and glucose metabolism and beta cell function. No relationship was found between osteocalcin and insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes.

Levels of inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetes patients with different urinary albumin excretion rates and their correlation with clinical variables.

Although the pathogenetic mechanism of DN has not been elucidated, an inflammatory mechanism has been suggested as a potential contributor. This study was designed to explore the relationship between low-grade inflammation and renal microangiopathy in T2DM. A total of 261 diabetic subjects were divided into three groups according to UAE: a normal albuminuria group, a microalbuminuria group, and a macroalbuminuria group. A control group was also chosen. Levels of hs-CRP, TNF-α, uMCP-1, SAA, SCr, BUN, serum lipid, blood pressure, and HbA1c were measured in all subjects. Compared with the normal controls, levels of hs-CRP, TNF-α, uMCP-1, and SAA in T2DM patients were significantly higher. They were also elevated in the normal albuminuria group, P < 0.05. Compared with the normal albuminuria group, levels of these inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria group, P < 0.01. The macroalbuminuria group also showed higher levels than the microalbuminuria group, P < 0.01. Also they were positively correlated with UAE, SBP, DBP, LDL-C, and TC. We noted no significance correlated with course, TG, or HDL-C. Only TNF-α; was positively correlated with HbA1c. This study revealed the importance of these inflammatory cytokines in DN pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to fully establish the potential of these cytokines as additional biomarkers for the development of DN.

[Triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus protect mice against oxidative damage induced by CCl4].

To investigate the effects of lanosterol (1), inotodiol (2) and trametenolic acid (3) from Inonotus obliquus against oxidative damage induced by CCl4 in mice, 1, 2 and 3 (20, 10 and 5 mg x kg(-1)) were respectively administered to mice, once a day for 3 days. Then the mice were induced to oxidative damage by CCl4 on the third day 30 min after the administration. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reductive glutathione (GSH) in serum and liver homogenate were determined. And the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in serum were detected. The results showed that treatment with compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly increase the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-PX in serum and liver homogenate. Furthermore, the content of GSH in serum and liver homogenate increased and MDA content decreased markedly. In addition, compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly inhibit the activities of ALT and AST in serum, and decrease the IL-6 concentration in serum remarkably. So, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect mice against oxidative stress injury induced by CCl4. Furthermore, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect cells from damage through inhibition on ALT, AST and the expression of IL-6.

[Effect of mycophenolate on expression of MCP-1 and fibronectin in human mesangial cells induced by high glucose].

AIM: To investigate the effect of high glucose and mycophenolate (MMF) on the expression of MCP-1 in human mesangial cells (HMCs) and fibronectin (FN). METHODS: The HMCs were divided randomly into five groups: control group (5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose group (30 mmol/L glucose), mannitol group (5 mmol/L glucose and 25 mmol/L mannitol), high glucose+MMF-10 group (30 mmol/L glucose plus 10 µg/mL mycophenolate) and high glucose+MMF-100 group (30 mmol/L glucose plus 100 µg/mL mycophenolate). We detected the levels of MCP-1 and fibronectin in each group at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. The expression levels of the MCP-1 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR, and the protein expression of MCP-1 and fibronectin was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the levels of the MCP-1 and FN in high glucose group were significantly increased with the expression peak at 48 h (P<0.01). The MMF with different concentration could inhibit the expression of MCP-1 and FN in time- and dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Mycophenolate could inhibit the expressions of MCP-1 and FN in human mesangial cells and it might be expected to delay the development and progression of glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis.

Modified total cystectomy and neobladder: experience in 21 cases of invasive bladder cancer / 中国综合临床

Objective To summarize our experience in the modified total cystectomy and neobladder in patients with invasive bladder cancer.Methods Twenty one male patients with invasive bladder cancer were treated with modified total cystectomy and neobladder.Reconstruction of the lower urinary tract using modifiled ileal neobladder(in 17 patients)and sigmoid neobladder(in 4 patients)were performed.The median age of the patients was 62 years.The patients were followed up for 1-4 years.Clinical outcomes of these patients was evaluated,including the function of the neobladder,urinary function,renal function,serum electrolytes and QOL.Results There was no surgical mortality.The operating time was 3.5-6.5 h(mean,4.5 h).Blood transfusion was required in 4 cases.Fifteen patients(97 ％ had voluntary control of urination at daytime and 6 at night.They were functional to control urination 3-6 months after operation.Hydronephrosis to certain extent occurred in 5 patients,but was recovered after 6-8 months.There were one case of intestinal obstruction and one case of metabolic acidosis.Residual urinary volume was 30 ml in 1 cases and 40 ml in another.Conclusions Modified total cystectomy and neobladder is an ideal technique to treat invasive bladder cancer with good clinical outcomes of tumor control,high life quality,few severe complications and good urination control.

Triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus protect mice against oxidative damage induced by CCl4 / 药学学报

To investigate the effects of lanosterol (1), inotodiol (2) and trametenolic acid (3) from Inonotus obliquus against oxidative damage induced by CCl4 in mice, 1, 2 and 3 (20, 10 and 5 mg x kg(-1)) were respectively administered to mice, once a day for 3 days. Then the mice were induced to oxidative damage by CCl4 on the third day 30 min after the administration. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reductive glutathione (GSH) in serum and liver homogenate were determined. And the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in serum were detected. The results showed that treatment with compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly increase the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-PX in serum and liver homogenate. Furthermore, the content of GSH in serum and liver homogenate increased and MDA content decreased markedly. In addition, compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly inhibit the activities of ALT and AST in serum, and decrease the IL-6 concentration in serum remarkably. So, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect mice against oxidative stress injury induced by CCl4. Furthermore, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect cells from damage through inhibition on ALT, AST and the expression of IL-6.

Combination of kidney transplantation with hematopoietic stem cell infusion / 中华全科医师杂志

Ninety six female patients with chronic renal failure were randomly allocated into combination group (n =48) and control group (n =48).In combination group patients received both kidney transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell infusion,in control group patients underwent kidney transplantation only.The results showed that chronic rejection in the combination group was lower than that in the control group [2％(1/48)vs.17％ (8/48),P＜0.05)].The 1-,3-,5-and 10 y-survival rates of kidney in the combination group were 98％ (47/48),94％ (45/48),83％ (34/41) and 9/17,respectively,those in control group were 98％ (47/48),90％ (43/48),76％ (31/41) and 7/17,respectively.Infusion of donor hematopoietic stem cells can augment chimerism in early postoperative period and significantly reduce the rate of graft rejection,which is beneficial for the quality of life of the recipients.

Epidemiological study on the association between obesity with metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents of Nanning city, Guangxi / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the association between obesity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) with its associated risk factors,in children and adolescents.Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to select 7893 students from 6 to 18 years of age from 14 out of 396 primary and secondary schools in Nanning city.All the students had undergone physical examination and blood tests including the following risk factors related to metabolic syndrome:fasting blood glucose (FBG),total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),alanine amino shift enzyme (ALT),aspartic acid amine shift enzyme (AST) and fasting insulin (FINS).The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was also measured.Results (1) The prevalence rate of MS in normal group was 0.57％.In both the overweight and obesity groups,the prevalence rates of MS were 4.53％ and 26.80％,respectively.(2) These indices in obesity group were higher than other two groups (P＜0.05).The result of overweight group was higher than normal group (P＜0.05).(3) Waist circumference(OR=1.087,95％CI:1.033-1.143 ),SBP ( OR=1.073,95％CI:1.032-1.116),FBG (OR=1.394,95％CI:1.568-3.423),TG (OR=3.213,95％CI:1.410-7.319) and HDL-C (OR=0.001,95％CI:0.000-0.012)were detecting indices which had statistically significant with MS in binary logistic regression analysis.Conclusion Metabolic syndrome and obesity were closely related in children and adolescents while its prevalence and risk factors increased with the severity of obesity.

The changes of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in T2DM and its clinical significance for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate urinary excretion of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) during the different stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as its clinical significance. METHODS: Sixty-five cases with T2DM were divided into three groups: normoalbuminuric group [N-UAlb; urine albumin excretion (UAE) <30 mg/24 h, n=25], microalbuminuric group [M-UAlb; UAE 30-300 mg/24 h, n=20], and macroalbuminuric group [L-UAlb; UAE >300 mg/ 24 h, n=20]. The urinary excretion rates of PDGF-BB were determined by a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all the cases and 27 subjects of control. RESULTS: The excretion rates of PDGF-BB in T2DM groups were markedly higher than that in control (P<0.001). Moreover, the excretion rates of PDGF-BB increased with the increase of UAE and there were significant differences among the three groups (P<0.05) except the groups of M-UAlb and L-UAlb. Urinary PDGF-BB was also positively correlated with UAE, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and negatively correlated with creatinine clearance (Ccr), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), while had no significance correlated with glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). CONCLUSION: PDGF-BB might play a very important role in the initiation and progression of DN. Measurements of urine PDGF-BB in T2DM could be used for early diagnosis of diabetic renal dysfunction.

Prebiotic oligosaccharides change the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and the microbial population of mouse bowel.

The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), and chitooligosaccharides (COS) [1000 mg/(kg body weight.d)]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased (P<0.05) by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.

Clinical significance and different levels of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) is a cytokine that exhibits most potent chemotactic activity toward monocytes. It is suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy by playing a role in infiltration of monocyte/macrophage. Recent studies have demonstrated that urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1) is different at different stages of diabetic nephropathy. Based on these findings, the aim of this study is to examine the level of uMCP-1 and its clinical significance at different stages of diabetic nephropathy and at the same time to describe the relationship between uMCP-1 and the various parameters. METHODS: Fifty-nine cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were divided into three groups according to urine albumin excretion (UAE): normal albuminuria group, microalbuminuria group and macroalbuminuria group. The levels of uMCP-1, protein excretion, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (s-Cr), glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure and blood fat were measured in 59 patients with T2DM and 27 healthy adults as controls. Results Compared with normal control, levels of uMCP-1 in T2DM were significantly high, which were already elevated in normal albuminuria group. Compared with normal albuminuria group, levels of uMCP-1 in microalbuminuria group and macroalbuminuria group were significantly high. Levels of uMCP-1 in macroalbuminuria group were higher than those in microalbuminuria group. The level of uMCP-1 was positively correlated with UAE, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in T2DM patients, while it had no significant correlation with HbA1c(,) triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). CONCLUSIONS: MCP-1 is suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. It is very important to measure the level of uMCP-1 in the diagnosis and intervention of early diabetic nephropathy.

Correlation between G-Protein ?3 Subunit Gene C825T Site Polymorphism and Obesity / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To establish a method for rapidly detecting the G-protein ?3 subunit (GNB3) 825 site single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and to analyse the relationship between GNB3 825 site gene SNP and obesity. Methods The real-time fluorescent PCR was employed to analyse the GNB3 825 site gene SNP of 420 samples from 21 provinces and the the frequencies of genotypes were compared with those detected by gene sequencing. GNB3 825 site genotype, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and fat content were examined from 207 subjects and the correlation between GNB3 825 site gene SNP and obesity was analysed. Results The result by real-time fluorescent PCR showed that the frequencies of 825T and 825C haploid were 46.90% and 53.10%, respectively, and the frequencies of 825TT, 825TC and 825CC genotype were 22.38%, 51.42% and 28.10%, respectively, with no other genotype detected, which was consistent with the result by gene sequencing. BMI and fat content were significantly higher in subjects with GNB3 825TT than in subjects with other genotypes. Body weight was much higher in subjects with GNB3 825TT genotype than in subjects with 825CC genotype, but not significantly different with 825CT genotype. Conclusion A new rapid method for the detection of GNB3 825 site SNP has been successfully established. There existed significant correlation between GNB3 825TT genotype and obesity.

Study on association of CTLA4 gene polymorphism with Grave's disease in Guangxi Zhuang nationality population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between the polymorphic (AT)n repeats in 3ountranslated region of exon 4 of CTLA4 gene [CTLA4(AT)n] and Graveso disease (GD) in Zhuang nationality population of Guangxi province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The studied groups comprised 48 patients with GD and 44 normal controls. Amplification of target DNA was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified products were run by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then followed by 0.1% silver staining. Some of amplified products were sequenced directly.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nineteen alleles of CTLA4 gene microsatellite polymorphism were found in Guangxi Zhuang nationality individuals. The 106 bp long allele was apparently increased in patients with GD of Zhuang nationality but not in healthy controls (P< 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CTLA4 gene microsatellite polymorphism is strongly associated with Graveso disease in Zhuang nationality population of Guangxi province. CTLA4(AT)n 106 bp may be the susceptible gene in GD patients of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi; 19 alleles of CTLA4 gene microsatellite polymorphism were found in Guangxi Zhuang nationality individuals.</p>