Blood Lost: A Retrospective Review of Blood Wastage from a Massive Transfusion Protocol in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital.

BACKGROUND: The paediatric massive transfusion protocol (MTP) is activated in the paediatric population for both trauma and non-trauma related indications. While it helps to improve the efficiency and efficacy of the delivery of blood products, it can also result in increased wastage. We aimed to evaluate the wastage rates from our paediatric MTP activations from 2013 to 2018. METHOD: As part of an audit, we retrospectively reviewed the records of the paediatric patients who had MTP activations. We collected the following data: reason for MTP activation, weight of patient, number of cycles of MTP required, blood products used, blood products wasted, deviation from our institution's recommended MTP blood product ratio, and reason for wastage. RESULT: We had 26 paediatric MTP activations within the audit period. There was an overall wastage rate of 1.5%, with wastage occurring in 3 out of 26 patients. The reason for all wastage was demise of the patient. Most patients' transfusion ratios deviated from our institution's MTP protocol. CONCLUSION: Our wastage rates are low likely because of clear MTP activation guidelines and a flexible MTP workflow.

Evaluation of the criteria for trauma activation in the paediatric emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Trauma team activation criteria have a variable performance in the paediatric population. We aimed to identify predictors for high-level resource utilisation during trauma resuscitation in the ED. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in the ED of a tertiary paediatric hospital. Patient data were collected from trauma surveillance registry and analysis was performed to identify significant predictors. We then assessed the sensitivity and specificity of proposed models with respect to observed patient outcomes. RESULTS: Among 11 282 cases, the mean age was 6.1±4.9 (SD) years old. Fall was the most common mechanism of injury in 7364 (65.3%) patients. Eighty-eight (0.8%) patients required at least one high-level resource. Significant predictors for high-resource utilisation were overall GCS of <14 (relative risk (RR) 38.841, 95% CI 21.328 to 70.739, p<0.001), high-risk mechanisms of fall from height and motor vehicle collision (RR 7.863, 95% CI 4.687 to 13.192, p<0.001), as well as age-specific tachycardia (RR 1.796, 95% CI 1.145 to 2.817, p=0.0108). A model consisting of GCS and high-risk mechanism would under-triage 21 (0.2%) patients and over-triage 681 (6.0%) patients. When age-specific tachycardia was added, 8 (0.1%) less patients would be under-triaged but an additional 3251 (28.9%) patients would be over-triaged. CONCLUSION: As utilisation of high-level resources in paediatric trauma was rare, it was difficult to find an appropriate balance between under-triage and over-triage. Between the two, minimising the proportion of under-triage is more important as patient safety is paramount in paediatric trauma care.

Pedestrian injuries in children: who is most at risk?

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the demographics of paediatric pedestrian injuries with the aim of identifying the group of children who is most vulnerable and the risk factors for major trauma (MT). METHODS: Data was extracted from the integrated trauma system of a regional paediatric referral hospital. All paediatric cases involving road traffic accidents from January 2011 to December 2013 were studied. Demographics, injury mechanism, treatment and outcome were evaluated. Patients were categorised as MT or non-MT (NMT) based on their Injury Severity Score, admission to the intensive care unit, type of surgery (e.g. life/limb-saving) and death. Data analysis was done using nonparametric tests and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: A total of 261 children were admitted for pedestrian injuries during the study period. The median age was ten years (range 14 months-16 years) and the median weight was 42.4 (range 8.6-93.7) kg. Half (i.e. 50.2%) of the children were primary-schoolers. The majority of the accidents occurred on roads (i.e. 83.1%), between 12 pm and 6 pm (i.e. 52.8%). Among the 261 children, 177 (67.8%) were unaccompanied by an adult at the time of the accident; 17 (6.5%) children sustained MT, while 244 (93.5%) suffered NMT. MT patients were more likely to have lost consciousness (p < 0.001) and been flung (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Most paediatric pedestrian injuries involved primary-schoolers walking home from school unaccompanied by adults. This information should inform future road safety campaigns. Being flung and loss of consciousness predicted MT in children who sustained pedestrian injuries.

Pediatric trauma team activation: are we making the right call?

INTRODUCTION: A regionalized trauma system must be tailored to the trauma epidemiology and the trauma care resources of the population it serves. Pediatric trauma system in Singapore differs from others because of its geographic compactness and relatively low incidence of severe trauma. The scarcity of polytrauma highlights the need of a reliable screening system to identify injured children who necessitate urgent transport to emergency department (ED) with pediatric resuscitation capacity as well as activation of trauma team upon their arrival. In this study, the validity of Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), Glasgow Come Scale (GCS), and respiratory rate (RR) in identifying pediatric patients with major trauma and receipt of resuscitation is evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective analysis was performed using data obtained from our trauma registry between January 2011 and December 2012. Information pertaining to the demographics, causative mechanism, and injury description, resuscitation, admitting disciplines, surgical intervention, and outcome were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of PTS, GCS, and RR to predict outcomes of interest are calculated. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were recruited. From the 92 patients, 26 sustained major trauma, and 21 patients received ED resuscitation. The mean age was 4 years 9 months. Sensitivity and specificity of PTS ≤ 8, GCS ≤ 10, and abnormal RR for predicting major trauma were 61.5, 77.3; 26.9, 100; and 53.8, 60.6%; respectively. When the reliability to identify patients received ED resuscitation was evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of PTS ≤ 8, GCS ≤ 10, and abnormal RR were 90.5, 83.1; 28.6, 98.6; and 76.2, 66.2%; respectively. CONCLUSION: The parameters of PTS need to be further refined to improve its accuracy and minimize the undertriage rate. If a combined physiologic and anatomic scoring system such as PTS is used, other physiologic parameters such as GCS and RR may become redundant. The evaluation of the validity of PTS, GCS, and RR in predicting pediatric major trauma indicated poor reliability.