Italian version of Nursing Students' Perception of Instructor Caring (I-NSPIC): assessment of reliability and validity.

BACKGROUND: Clinical experience is an essential component of nursing education since it provides students with the opportunity to construct and develop clinical competencies. Instructor caring is a pivotal facilitator at the forefront of clinical education, playing a key and complex educating role in clinical sectors. For these reasons the aims of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Italian version of NSPIC (I-NSPIC). METHODS: A validation multicentre study was conducted in three different Italian universities. A total of 333 nursing students were enrolled in the 2014/2015 academic year. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with oblique rotation was performed to test the construct validity of I-NSPIC. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test retest via Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) analyses were done to assess the internal consistency and stability of the scale. A Spearman's correlation with another scale (CLES-T) was used to examine the concurrent validities. RESULTS: Four factors (control versus flexibility, supportive learning climate, confidence through caring, appreciation of life meaning and respectful sharing) were identified in EFA. The Cronbach's alpha value showed that I-NSPIC was a reliable instrument (α = 0.94) and the ICC coefficient was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The I-NSPIC is a valid instrument for assessing the perception of instructor caring in Italian nursing students. It may also prove helpful in promoting the caring ability of nursing students and in increasing the caring interactions in the relationship between instructor and nursing students. The knowledge emerged from this study provide important insight in developing effective training strategies in the clinical training of undergraduate nursing students.

[Risk management: relationship with the patient's relatives, who does what?]. / Gestione del rischio: rapporto con i familiari, chi fa cosa?

Risk management is the systematic process of identification, evaluation and treatment of current and potential risks. In the last decades it has acquired a significant importance also in the medical field, where it aims to increase patient' safety, to reduce adverse events and costs, thus improving patients' outcomes. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a clinical field where operative procedures are carried out; some of them may have complications, which can lead to legal cases; among such techniques endoscopic ultrasonography is acceptably safe. The aim of the article is to highlight some aspects of the risk management which are related with the patient's relatives, in the field of endoscopic ultrasonography: from the gathering of the case history to the required information for a safe discharge. Communication skills and attention given to the information process, can allow the reduction of clinical risks for patients undergoing endoscopic procedures.