Revisión de los efectos del consumo de alcohol sobre la salud periodontal / A review of the effects of alcohol consumption on periodontal health

La periodontitis es una enfermedad infecciosa caracterizada por la formación de bolsas periodontales que alojan microorganismos patógenos y por la inflamación de los tejidos de soporte dentario, ambas condiciones suman sus efectos nocivos provocando resorción ósea alveolar y deterioro del resto de los tejidos periodontales. La enfermedad se inicia por acumulación de placa bacteriana, pero su patogénesis progresa asociada a la respuesta inmune/inflamatoria del huésped que incrementa el deterioro de los tejidos periodontales. El alcohol es la sustancia de abuso de mayor consumo en todo el mundo. La literatura presenta numerosos estudios de correlación entre consumo de alcohol y desarrollo de enfermedades orales en seres humanos, aunque algunos autores han reportado efectos benéficos del consumo moderado de determinados tipos de alcohol. En este trabajo, luego de una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura, se concluye que el consumo abusivo de alcohol daña los tejidos periodontales y aumenta la predisposición de desarrollar periodontitis. Para finalizar, se describen los principales mecanismos que podrían estar implicados (AU)

Periodontitis is an infectious disease characterized by the formation of periodontal pockets that harbor pathogenic microorganisms and by the inflammation of dental support tissues, both of which add their harmful effects causing alveolar bone resorption and deterioration of the rest of the periodontal tissues. The disease was initiated by the accumulation of bacterial plaque, but its pathogenesis progresses associated with the immune / inflammatory response of the host that increases the deterioration of the periodontal tissues. Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance in the world. The literature presents numerous studies of the correlation between alcohol consumption and development of oral diseases in humans, although some authors have reported beneficial effects of moderate consumption of certain types of alcohol. In this paper, after an exhaustive review of the literature, it is concluded that the abusive consumption of alcohol damages the periodontal tissues and increases the predisposition to develop periodontitis. Finally, the main mechanisms that could be involved were described (AU)

Participation of hypothalamic CB1 receptors in reproductive axis disruption during immune challenge.

Immune challenge inhibits reproductive function and endocannabinoids (eCB) modulate sexual hormones. However, no studies have been performed to assess whether the eCB system mediates the inhibition of hormones that control reproduction as a result of immune system activation during systemic infections. For that reason, we evaluated the participation of the hypothalamic cannabinoid receptor CB1 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity in rats submitted to immune challenge. Male adult rats were treated i.c.v. administration with a CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist (AM251) (500 ng/5 µL), followed by an i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) 15 minutes later. Plasmatic, hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal pro-inflammatory cytokines, hormones and neuropeptides were assessed 90 or 180 minutes post-LPS. The plasma concentration of tumour necrosis factor α and adenohypophyseal mRNA expression of Tnfα and Il1ß increased 90 and 180 minutes post i.p. administration of LPS. However, cytokine mRNA expression in the hypothalamus increased only 180 minutes post-LPS, suggesting an inflammatory delay in this organ. CB1 receptor blockade with AM251 increased LPS inflammatory effects, particularly in the hypothalamus. LPS also inhibited the HPG axis by decreasing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone hypothalamic content and plasma levels of luteinising hormone and testosterone. These disruptor effects were accompanied by decreased hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression and prostaglandin E2 content, as well as by increased gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone (Rfrp3) mRNA expression. All these disruptive effects were prevented by the presence of AM251. In summary, our results suggest that, in male rats, eCB mediate immune challenge-inhibitory effects on reproductive axis at least partially via hypothalamic CB1 activation. In addition, this receptor also participates in homeostasis recovery by modulating the inflammatory process taking place after LPS administration.

Pharmacological targeting of histamine H4 receptor in periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether histamine H4 receptor (H4 R) antagonists could prevent experimental periodontitis (EP)-induced histological, functional and inflammatory alterations in submandibular gland (SMG), periodontal bone and gingiva. METHODS: Bilateral EP was induced for 2 weeks in anaesthetized male rats. The effect of systemic and local administration of H4 R antagonists (JNJ7777120, JNJ10191584) on histopathology and functionality of SMG, bone loss and gingival inflammation was evaluated. RESULTS: The subcutaneous administration of JNJ7777120 prevented periodontitis-induced SMG histological injury, reducing vacuolization and apoptosis and additionally reversed the increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in SMG while it partially reversed the methacholine-induced salivation reduction produced by periodontitis. JNJ7777120 attenuated bone loss and the increased PGE2 levels and inflammatory infiltration in gingival tissue of rats with periodontitis. Finally, local administration of JNJ7777120 and JNJ10191584 was also beneficial for improving periodontal parameters. CONCLUSIONS: H4 receptor antagonists are able to ameliorate periodontitis-induced injury on SMG, gingival tissue and bone structure, suggesting that pharmacological targeting of H4 R could be an attractive strategy to improve periodontal health.

Frecuencia de aparición del segundo conducto mesiovestibular en los primeros molares superiores permanentes / Frequency of appearance of the second mesiobuccal root canal in maxillary first permanent molars

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar clínicamente la frecuencia de aparición del segundo conducto radicular mesiovestibulardel primer molar superior y la frecuencia de desembocadura del conducto en uno o más forámenes apicales. Métodos: Se realizó el tratamiento de conducto en 55 pacientes con derivación a endodoncia del primer molar superior permanente, realizado por el mismo operador y utilizando magnificación con microscopio clínico. Se consideró la presencia de uno o más conductos radiculares en la raíz mesiovestibular luego de la instrumentación de los conductos y se determinó el número de forámenes apicales al introducir las limas depermeabilidad apical, simultáneamente, a una longitud mayor a la longitud de trabajo. Se utilizó el método score de Wilson para calcular intervalos de confianza 95 por ciento de porcentajes (IC95). Resultados: Se registró que de los 55 pacientes tratados, la raíz mesiovestibular presentaba, en el 21,82 por ciento [IC95=(12,95 por ciento; 34,37 por ciento)], un solo conducto desembocando en un solo foramen apical, el 30,91 por ciento [IC95=(20,28 por ciento; 44,03 por ciento)] presentaron dos conductos radiculares con un solo foramen apical y el 47,27 por ciento [IC95=(34,69 por ciento;60,21 por ciento)] presentaron dos conductos radiculares con un foramen apical independiente cada conducto. Conclusión: La presencia de un segundo conducto mesiovestibular como así la frecuencia de desembocadura en un foramen apical independiente presentan una alta frecuencia de aparición, por lo tanto, durante la terapia endodontica debe realizarse una exploración minuciosa del piso cameral, en buscade localizar y tratar este conducto, aumentando de esta manera las probabilidades de éxito del tratamiento a largo plazo...

Resistencia de unión en la fijación de postes de base orgánica con la utilización de cementos resinosos con y sin sistema adhesivo / Bond strength of organic base posts cementation by using resin cements with and without an adhesive system

En la actualidad, los postes de fibra de vidrio son ampliamente utilizados para la reconstrucción de piezas tratadas enodónticamente con indicación de anclaje intrarradicular. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la resistencia de unión en la cementación de postes de fibra de vidrio con la utilización de cementos resinosos con y sin sistema adhesivo. Se utilizaron 24 premolares inferiores humanosunirradiculares recientemente extraídos. Luego, se procedió a realizar los tratamientos endodónticos a todas las piezas dentarias con el sistema Protaper y a su obturación con técnica híbrida. A continuación, se procedió a la desobturación de todas las piezas y a lacementación de los postes. Las muestras se dividieron en 4 grupos según los materiales utilizados para la cementación: 1) Cemento Rebildacon sistema adhesivo; 2) Cemento Rebilda sin sistema adhesivo; 3) Cemento Paracore con sistema adhesivo; 4) Cemento Paracore sinsistema adhesivo. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias significativas de resistencia entre los tratamientos con y sin sistema adhesivo; ni entre los tratamientos con los cementos Rebilda y Paracore. Tampoco se evidenció interacción entre la utilización o no del sistema adhesivo y el tipo de cemento. Conclusión: todas las combinaciones estudiadas otorgan la misma resistencia de unión de los postes a los tejidosintrarradiculares...

Incisivo lateral superior con dos raíces y dos conductos: caso clínico / Upper lateral incisor with two roots and two canals: a clinical case

Las anomalías en la morfología del incisivo lateral superior son de muy baja frecuencia. Las anomalías de desarrollo radicular pueden presentarse como alteraciones tanto en el número de conductos, como en el número de raíces, así como en ambas regiones a la vez. En el presente trabajo, se reporta el caso de un paciente que se presenta a la consulta con malestar en el incisivo lateral superior izquierdo. En laradiografía preoperatoria se detectó la presencia de dos conductos y dos raíces, sin anomalía morfológica de su corona clínica, con requerimiento de tratamiento endodóntico. Concluimos que una correcta interpretación de las imágenes radiográficas preoperatorias es esencial, para poder detectar estas variantes y tomar las consideraciones necesarias para el adecuado tratamiento endodóntico

Abnormalities in the morphology of the maxillary lateral incisor are very low frequency. Root development abnormalities can occur as alterations in the number of ducts and the number of roots, as well as two regions at once. In this paper, we report the case of a patient presenting with discomfort in the upper left lateral incisor. In preoperative radiography, we detected the presence of two channels and two roots, without morphological abnormality in clinical crown, with endodontic treatment requirement. We conclude that a correct interpretation of preoperative radiographic imaging is essential in order to detect these variants and take the necessary considerations for proper endodontic treatment.

Hiposialia por activación de receptores de cannabinoides en la glándula submaxilar: revisión / Hyposialia by cannabinoid receptors activation in the submandibular gland: a review

El presente trabajo aporta evidencia de la presencia de receptores de cannabinoides en la glándula submaxilar de la rata, cuya expresión secircunscribe a componentes acinares y ductales. A su vez, los resultados expuestos confirman la participación de los receptores de cannabinoides en el control de la secreción salival, y por ende aportan una explicación empírica a la hiposialia observada luego del consumo de marihuana

The present study provides evidence for the presence of cannabinoid receptors in rat submandibular gland, whose expression is restricted to acinar and ductal components. In turn, the presented results confirm the involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the control of salivary secretion, and thus provide an empirical explanation to hyposialia observed after marijuana consumption.

Evaluación del poder antiséptico del cemento de Grossman combinado con yodoformo sobre distintas cepas bacterianas encontradas en infecciones de origen endodóntico / An evaluation of the antiseptic efficacy of Grossman´s cement combined with iodoformium on different bacterial strains found in infections of endodontic origin

La obturación de los conductos radiculares consiste en el relleno permanente del “espacio endodóntico” y el reemplazo del contenido normalo patológico del conducto por materiales que deben estar bien compactados y adaptados a las paredes del mismo. Al ser imposible la desinfección total de los conductos radiculares, es evidente la necesidad de utilizar un sellador endodóntico con acción bactericida, o al menos bacteriostática, que pueda actuar contra las bacterias que persisten luego de la preparación quirúrgica del conducto radicular. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar in vitro el poder antiséptico del cemento de Grossman, un material de obturación muy utilizado en endodoncia, en combinación con 2 proporciones de yodoformo, sobre bacterias comúnmente encontradas en infecciones de origen endodóntico. Resultados: el yodoformo puro no evidenció capacidad antiséptica sobre ninguna de las cepas estudiadas. Sin embargo, al asociarse con CG incrementó su efecto inhibitorio sobre Streptococcus mutans y sobre Enterococcus faecalis, en forma concentración-dependiante.

The sealing of the root canal consists in permanent "endodontic space" filling and the replacement of the normal or pathological conduit content by materials that should be well compacted and adapted to the walls thereof. Due the impossibility of total disinfection of the root canal, it is clear the need for a root canal sealer with bactericide or bacteriostatic effect that can act against bacteria that persist after surgical preparation of the root canal. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antiseptic power of Grossman cement, (GC) a material widely used in endodontic obturation, in combination with two proportions of iodoform, on bacteria commonly found in infections of endodontic origin. Results: the pure iodoform showed no antiseptic capacity on any of the strains studied. However, in association with GC, it increased its inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis in concentration dependent-way.

Endocannabinoids mediate hyposalivation induced by inflammogens in the submandibular glands and hypothalamus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that could participate on salivary glands hypofunction during inflammation and the participation of endocannabinoids in hyposalivation induced by the presence of inflammogens in the submandibular gland (SMG) or in the brain. DESIGN: Salivary secretion was assessed in the presence of inflammogens and/or the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 in the SMG or in the brain of rats. At the end of the experiments, some systemic and glandular inflammatory markers were measured and histopathological analysis was performed. RESULTS: The inhibitory effect observed 1h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50µg/50µl) injection into the SMG (ig) was completely prevented by the injection of AM251 (5µg/50µl) by the same route (P<0.05). The LPS (ig)-induced increase in PGE2 content was not altered by AM251 (ig), while the glandular production of TNFα induced by the endotoxin (P<0.001) was partially blocked by it. Also, LPS injection produced no significant changes in the wet weight of the SMG neither damage to lipid membranes of its cells, nor significant microscopic changes in them, after hispopathological analysis, compared to controls. Finally, TNFα (100ng/5µl) injected intracerebro-ventricularly (icv) inhibited methacholine-induced salivary secretion evaluated 30min after (P<0.01), but the previous injection of AM251 (500ng/5µl, icv) prevented completely that effect. CONCLUSION: We conclude that endocannabinoids mediate the hyposialia induced by inflammogens in the SMG and in the brain. The hypofunction would be due to changes on signalling pathway produced by inflammatory compounds since anatomical changes were not observed.

Radiation produces irreversible chronic dysfunction in the submandibular glands of the rat.

The exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation during radiotherapy results in severe morphological and functional alterations of the salivary glands, such as xerostomia. In the present study we investigated the chronic effect of a single radiation dose of 15 Gray (Gy) limited to head and neck on rat salivary gland function (salivary secretion and gland mass) and histology. Results indicate that norepinephrine (NE)-induced salivary secretion was reduced significantly at 30, 90, 180 and 365 days after the administration of a single dose of 15 Gy of ionizing radiation compared to non-irradiated animals. The maximal secretory response was reduced by 33% at 30 and 90 days post irradiation. Interestingly, a new fall in the salivary response to NE was observed at 180 days and was maintained at 365 days post irradiation, showing a 75% reduction in the maximal response. The functional fall of the salivary secretion observed at 180 days post irradiation was not only associated with a reduction of gland mass but also to an alteration of the epithelial architecture exhibiting a changed proportion of ducts and acini, loss of eosinophilic secretor granular material, and glandular vacuolization and fibrosis. On the basis of the presented results, we conclude that ionizing radiation produces irreversible and progressive alterations of submandibular gland (SMG) function and morphology that leads to a severe salivary hypo-function.

Utilización de membrana de fascia lata y hueso en polvo liofilizado en cirugía apical: caso clínico / The use of fascia lata membrane and freeze drying bone powder in apical surgery: a clinical case

En un paciente con patología apical y endodoncia previa en la pieza 1.2, se realizó cirugía apical que incluyó el agregado de una membrana biológica reabsorbible de fascia lata entre el colgajo de espesor total y el tejido óseo. En medio de ellos, se colocó hueso en polvo humano liofilizado con el objetivo de proveer una adecuada recuperación del tejido óseo perirradicular. Luego, se efectuó el control clínico y radiográfico del paciente durante 24 meses.

Utilización de membrana de fascia lata y hueso en polvo liofilizado en cirugía apical: caso clínico / The use of fascia lata membrane and freeze drying bone powder in apical surgery: a clinical case

En un paciente con patología apical y endodoncia previa en la pieza 1.2, se realizó cirugía apical que incluyó el agregado de una membrana biológica reabsorbible de fascia lata entre el colgajo de espesor total y el tejido óseo. En medio de ellos, se colocó hueso en polvo humano liofilizado con el objetivo de proveer una adecuada recuperación del tejido óseo perirradicular. Luego, se efectuó el control clínico y radiográfico del paciente durante 24 meses.(AU)

Adrenal gland responses to lipopolysaccharide after stress and ethanol administration in male rats.

All forms of stress, including restraint stress (RS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. LPS binds to a recognition protein (CD14) and toll-like receptor 2/4 in different cells and tissues, including the adrenal gland, to induce the production of cytokines and cause upregulation of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Acute ethanol exposure activates the HPA axis, but in some conditions prolonged administration can dampen this activation as well as decrease the inflammatory responses to LPS. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the adrenal response to a challenge dose of LPS (50 µg/kg) injected i.p., after submitting male rats to RS, twice a day (2 h each time) for 5 days and/or ethanol administration (3 g/kg) by gavage also for 5 days, twice daily. At the end of the experiment, plasma corticosterone concentrations and adrenal gland content of prostaglandin E (PGE) and NOS activity were measured as stress mediators. The results showed that repetitive ethanol administration attenuated the adrenal stress response to LPS challenge alone and after RS, by preventing the increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and by decreasing the PGE content and NOS activity in the adrenal gland. Therefore, we conclude that moderate alcohol consumption could attenuate the effects of psychophysical stress and impair an inflammatory response.

Reconstrucción de una pieza tratada endodónticamente en una sesión con utilización de poste preformado: reporte de caso / Reconstruction of an endodontically treated tooth in a single session with a preformed post

La realización de un anclaje intra-radicular provisorio para iniciar la confección del definitivo en la sesión siguiente aumenta el riesgo de fractura radicular y el riesgo de filtración coronaria de la obturación endodóntica. En el presente trabajo se reporta el caso clínico de un paciente con diagnóstico de pulpitis infiltrativa de la pieza 2.1, al que se le realizó tratamiento endodóntico y posterior anclaje intra-radicular definitivo. El anclaje intra-radicular fue realizado mediante la instalación de un poste orgánico y a continuación se reconstruyó el muñón coronario con resinas compuestas, colocando una corona de acrílico como elemento provisorio, en una misma sesión.

Tratamiento endodóntico obturado con pasta lentamente reabsorbible: seguimiento de un caso a 6 años / Endodontic treatment filled with slowly resorbable paste: a 6-year follow-up case

Reporte de un caso clínico de un tratamiento endodóntico de incisivo central superior con diagnostico de necrosis pulpar y proceso apical preexistente, obturado con pastalentamente reabsorbible. El seguimiento post tratamiento fue realizado mediante controles radiográficos inmediatos y a distancia, en los cuales se evaluó la calidad de la obturación y la reparación de los tejidos dañados.

Anandamide injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain inhibits submandibular salivary secretion by attenuating parasympathetic neurotransmission

Our objective was to determine the effect of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain on submandibular gland (SMG) salivary secretion. Parasympathetic decentralization (PSD) produced by cutting the chorda tympani nerve strongly inhibited methacholine (MC)-induced salivary secretion while sympathetic denervation (SD) produced by removing the superior cervical ganglia reduced it slightly. Also, AEA (50 ng/5 µL, icv) significantly decreased MC-induced salivary secretion in intact rats (MC 1 µg/kg: control (C), 5.3 ± 0.6 vs AEA, 2.7 ± 0.6 mg; MC 3 µg/kg: C, 17.6 ± 1.0 vs AEA, 8.7 ± 0.9 mg; MC 10 µg/kg: C, 37.4 ± 1.2 vs AEA, 22.9 ± 2.6 mg). However, AEA did not alter the significantly reduced salivary secretion in rats with PSD, but decreased the slightly reduced salivary secretion in rats with SD (MC 1 µg/kg: C, 3.8 ± 0.8 vs AEA, 1.4 ± 0.6 mg; MC 3 µg/kg: C, 14.7 ± 2.4 vs AEA, 6.9 ± 1.2 mg; P < 0.05; MC 10 µg/kg: C, 39.5 ± 1.0 vs AEA, 22.3 ± 0.5 mg; P < 0.001). We showed that the inhibitory effect of AEA is mediated by cannabinoid type 1 CB1 receptors and involves GABAergic neurotransmission, since it was blocked by previous injection of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (500 ng/5 µL, icv) or of the GABA A receptor antagonist, bicuculline (25 ng/5 µL, icv). Our results suggest that parasympathetic neurotransmission from the central nervous system to the SMG can be inhibited by endocannabinoid and GABAergic systems.

Anandamide injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain inhibits submandibular salivary secretion by attenuating parasympathetic neurotransmission.

Our objective was to determine the effect of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain on submandibular gland (SMG) salivary secretion. Parasympathetic decentralization (PSD) produced by cutting the chorda tympani nerve strongly inhibited methacholine (MC)-induced salivary secretion while sympathetic denervation (SD) produced by removing the superior cervical ganglia reduced it slightly. Also, AEA (50 ng/5 microL, icv) significantly decreased MC-induced salivary secretion in intact rats (MC 1 microg/kg: control (C), 5.3 +/- 0.6 vs AEA, 2.7 +/- 0.6 mg; MC 3 microg/kg: C, 17.6 +/- 1.0 vs AEA, 8.7 +/- 0.9 mg; MC 10 microg/kg: C, 37.4 +/- 1.2 vs AEA, 22.9 +/- 2.6 mg). However, AEA did not alter the significantly reduced salivary secretion in rats with PSD, but decreased the slightly reduced salivary secretion in rats with SD (MC 1 microg/kg: C, 3.8 +/- 0.8 vs AEA, 1.4 +/- 0.6 mg; MC 3 microg/kg: C, 14.7 +/- 2.4 vs AEA, 6.9 +/- 1.2 mg; P < 0.05; MC 10 microg/kg: C, 39.5 +/- 1.0 vs AEA, 22.3 +/- 0.5 mg; P < 0.001). We showed that the inhibitory effect of AEA is mediated by cannabinoid type 1 CB1 receptors and involves GABAergic neurotransmission, since it was blocked by previous injection of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (500 ng/5 microL, icv) or of the GABA A receptor antagonist, bicuculline (25 ng/5 microL, icv). Our results suggest that parasympathetic neurotransmission from the central nervous system to the SMG can be inhibited by endocannabinoid and GABAergic systems.