Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Beta-Pinene in Diabetic Rats.

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disease linked to multiple comorbidities, such as low-grade inflammation. ß-pinene, a monoterpene commonly found in aromatic plants, is endowed with anti-inflammatory effect and this fact lead us to investigate the possible hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of the monoterpene in the alloxan-induced diabetes experimental model. Methods: Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were treated orally with ß-pinene (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), for seven consecutive days. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (40 mg/kg) through the penile vein. On the seventh day of treatment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The anti-inflammatory effect of ß-pinene was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, followed by the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Results: The treatment with ß-pinene decreased plasma glucose, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, and HDL levels, when compared to those of the control group. In addition, the association ß-pinene 10 mg/kg + glibenclamide 2 mg/kg significantly decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride level. Finally, oral treatment with ß-pinene reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema and leukocyte migration in the peritoneum. Taken together, our results indicate that ß-pinene shows hypoglycemic and hypolipemic effects, which may involve some common mechanisms of glibenclamide. Besides, the monoterpene presented an anti-inflammatory action in diabetic rats that needs further investigation in order to clarify such effect and its correlation with the alterations observed in plasma parameters of ß-pinene-treated diabetic rats.

Anti-inflammatory activity of herb products from Licania rigida Benth.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Licania rigida Benth (EHFLR) on models of systemic inflammation in mice. METHODS: The quantitative chemical profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids were performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Systemic anti-inflammatory activity was determined from carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema models and the animals were orally treated (p.o.) with EHFLR at doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, indomethacin (10 mg/kg) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and promethazine (6 mg/kg) for dextran-induced paw edema. The possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of the extract were evaluated by the paw edema models induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, and by the model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, where vascular permeability and leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity were evaluated. RESULTS: The results of the HPLC identified the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with chlorogenic acid (1.16%) and Caempferol (0.81%) as the main constituents. From the results, it was concluded that the extract has an LD50 ≥5000 mg/kg when administered orally in mice as this dose did not trigger deaths in any of the observed groups. EHFLR (25 mg/kg) showed a significant antiderematogenic effect on histamine and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema at the third hour of the tests, with a percentage of inhibition of 46.64% and 18.33%, respectively. The extract (25 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly reduced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that EHFLR exerts a systemic anti-inflammatory action, which seems to depend, at least in part, on the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and the action of vasoactive amines. In addition, the extract reduced the leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity, indicating that its action may be linked to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Ação protetora de Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. contra a toxicidade do cloreto de mercúrio em Escherichia coli / Protective action of Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. against toxicity due to mercury chloride in Escherichia coli / Acción protectora de Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. contra la toxicidad por cloruro de mercurio en Escherichia coli

Introdução: o mercúrio constitui um dos metais mais tóxicos e sua contaminação tem sido alvo de muitos estudos que buscam desvendar os mecanismos envolvidos em sua toxicidade e seus efeitos deletérios para os seres vivos. A espécie Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff., conhecida popularmente como araticum-bravo, ata-brava e ata de lobo, tem sido utilizada na medicina popular como anti-reumáticas, para o tratamento de disfunções renais, dores na coluna e no estômago, e contra pediculose. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito citoprotetor do extrato etanólico e frações de D. furfuracea frente ao metal pesado cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl 2). Métodos: a caracterização dos metabólitos secundários foi realizada através de prospecção fitoquímica, na qual se observam a alteração de cor ou formação de precipitados após adição de reagentes específicos. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) verificada utilizando placas de petri com HIA (Heart Infusion Agar) para transferência das soluções incubadas em placas de microdiluição. Resultados: a prospecção fitoquímica revelou a presença de taninos, flavonoides e alcaloides. Todas as amostras apresentaram um CIM ≥ 1024 µg/mL. De acordo com os resultados obtidos na CBM, o extrato etanólico e as frações de D. furfuracea, exceto a fração hexânica, apresentaram atividade citoprotetora à bactéria E. coli frente ao metal pesado cloreto de mercúrio, sendo essa ação atribuída às propriedades quelantes dos flavonoides. Conclusões: os dados obtidos indicam a espécie D. furfuracea como uma fonte promissora no combate a metais pesados, apresentando-se como protetora de seres procariontes. Este é o primeiro relato do uso de plantas medicinais como agente citoprotetor em modelo bacteriano.

Introduction: mercury is one of the most toxic metals. Contamination by mercury has been the object of many studies aimed at unraveling the mechanisms involved in its toxicity and its harmful effects on living beings. The species Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff., popularly known asaraticum-bravo’, ‘ata-brava’ and ‘ata de lobo’, has been used in folk medicine as antirheumatic and for the treatment of renal dysfunction, spinal pain, stomach ache and pediculosis. Objective: evaluate the cytoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract and fractions of D. furfuracea against the heavy metal mercury chloride (HgCl 2). Methods: characterization of secondary metabolites was performed by phytochemical screening, in which color change and precipitate formation are examined after the addition of specific reagents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was verified using petri plates with HIA (heart infusion agar) to transfer the solutions incubated on microdilution plates. Results: phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids an alkaloids. All samples exhibited a MIC ≥ 1024 µg/mL. MBC results showed that the ethanolic extract and all fractions of D. furfuracea except for the hexane fraction have cytoprotective activity by the bacterium E. coli against mercury chloride, an action attributed to the chelating properties of flavonoids. Conclusions: data point to the promising value of the species D. furfuracea against heavy metals, presenting as protectors of procaryote beings. This is the first report on the use of medicinal plants as cytoprotective agents on the bacterial model.

Introducción: el mercurio es uno de los metales más tóxicos y su contaminación ha sido objeto de muchos estudios que tratan de desentrañar los mecanismos implicados en su toxicidad y sus efectos nocivos en los seres vivos. La especie Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff., popularmente conocido como ‘araticum-bravo’, ‘ata-brava’ y ‘ata de lobo’, se ha utilizado en la medicina popular como un anti-reumático para el tratamiento de la disfunción renal, dolor vertebral y de estómago, y contra la pediculosis. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto citoprotector del extracto de etanol y fracciones de D. furfuracea al metal pesado cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2). Métodos: la caracterización de metabolitos secundarios se realizó mediante la prospección fitoquímica, en la que se observa el cambio de color o la formación de precipitados después de la adición de los reactivos específicos. La Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) se determinó mediante microdilución en caldo y la Concentración Bactericida Mínima (CBM) verificada usando placas de petri con HIA ( Heart Infusion Agar) para transferencia de las soluciones incubadas en placas de microdilución. Resultados: la prospección fitoquímica reveló la presencia de taninos, flavonoides y alcaloides. Todas las muestras presentaron una CIM ≥ 1024 µg/mL. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en la CBM, el extracto de etanol y fracciones de D. furfuracea, excepto la fracción de hexano, mostraron actividad citoprotectora de la bacteria E. coli delante del cloruro de mercurio, siendo esa acción atribuida a las propiedades quelantes de los flavonoides. Conclusiones: los datos obtenidos indican que la especie D. furfuracea como una fuente prometedora para combatir los metales pesados, que se presentan como protectores de seres procariotas. Este es el primer informe del uso de plantas medicinales como agente citoprotector en el modelo bacteriano.