Prognostic factors and predictive model for in-hospital mortality following hip fractures in the elderly.

PURPOSE: The incidence of hip fractures is increasing within the aging population. Our objective was to identify and quantify the risk factors and develop a predictive model for the in-hospital mortality among hip fracture patients older than 65 years. METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted on 331 hip fracture patients older than 65 years admitted to our hospital from 2011 to 2014. Patients' demographics, prehospitalization residential status, prefracture comorbidity data, anti-aggregant and anticoagulant medication, preoperative hemoglobin value, type of fractures, type of treatments, time to surgery, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The average age was 83 years, 73% female, and 57% of them sustained a femoral neck fracture. In 62.8% of patients, the number of pre-fracture baseline comorbidities was ≥2. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.4%. In multivariate analysis, age over 90 years, congestive heart failure, asthma, rheumatologic disease, lung cancer, and not taking antiaggregant medication were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. A formula and risk stratification scoring for predicting the risk for in-hospital mortality was developed. Risk-adjustment model based on these variables had acceptable accuracy for predicting in-hospital mortality (c-statistic 0.77). CONCLUSION: Advanced age, and five prefracture comorbidities have a strong association with in-hospital mortality in a hip fracture patient older than 65 years old. Our predictive model was specifically designed for the old hip fracture population. It has an accuracy similar to other risk models. The specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value are high. In addition, it could discriminate a high risk patient from a low risk patient for in-hospital mortality.

Factores de riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en la fractura proximal de fémur / Risk factors for in-hospital mortality following hip fracture

Objetivo. Identificar y cuantificar los factores relacionados con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes mayores de 65 años con fractura proximal de fémur. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivo de una base de datos prospectiva de pacientes mayores de 65 años con fractura proximal de fémur entre 2011 y 2014. Se incluyeron en el estudio 331 pacientes. Se registraron variables demográficas, procedencia del paciente, grado de deambulación y dependencia, comorbilidades asociadas, estado mental, toma de medicación anticoagulante o antiagregante, valor de la hemoglobina al ingreso, tipo de fractura, tipo de tratamiento, demora quirúrgica y presencia de complicaciones. Resultados. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 83 años. En un 73% eran mujeres. Y el 57% presentaron fractura subcapital de fémur. El número de comorbilidades era igual o mayor de 2 en un 62,8%. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 11,4%. En el estudio univariante, la edad mayor de 90 años, sexo varón, no antiagregación, el tratamiento ortopédico de la fractura, un valor de la hemoglobina ≤ 10g/dl, un número de comorbilidades ≥ 2, un índice de Charlson ≥ 2, un índice de Charlson ajustado a la edad ≥ 6, la insuficiencia cardíaca, el asma, la enfermedad reumática, fueron variables asociadas a la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Conclusiones. Los factores preoperatorios relacionados con el paciente influyen directamente en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria del paciente con fractura proximal de fémur mayor de 65 años. Dado que estos factores no son modificables, recomendamos el desarrollo de protocolos de actuación que permitan reducir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en este grupo de pacientes (AU)

Objective: To identify and quantify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients older than 65 years with a hip fracture. Materials and methods: retrospective review of prospectively collected data. We studied a cohort of 331 hip fracture patients older than 65 years of age admitted to our hospital from 2011 to 2014. Patients demographics, type of residence, physical function, mobility, prefracture comorbidities data, cognitive status, anti-aggregant and anticoagulant medication, preoperative haemoglobin value, type of fracture, type of treatment, surgical delay, and complications, were recorded. Results: The average age was 83, 73% female, and 57% had sustained a subcapital fracture. In 62.8% pre-fracture baseline co-morbidities were equal or greater than 2. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.4%. In univariate analysis, age over 90, male gender, haemoglobin ≤ 10g/dl, no antiplatelet agents, orthopaedic treatment, number of co-morbidities ≥ 2, Charlson index ≥ 2, age-adjusted Charlson index ≥ 6, congestive heart failure, asthma, rheumatologic disease, were associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Preoperative patient-related factors have a strong relationship with in-hospital mortality in a hip fracture patients aged older than 65 years. These factors are non-modifiable; we recommend the development of protocols to reduce in-hospital mortality in this group of patients (AU)

Factores de riesgo para la demora quirúrgica en la fractura de cadera / Risk-factors for surgical delay following hip fracture

Objetivo. Identificar los factores al ingreso relacionados con una demora quirúrgica mayor de 2 días en pacientes mayores de 65 años con fractura de cadera. Material y métodos. Estudio de una base de datos prospectiva de pacientes mayores de 65 años con fractura proximal de fémur entre enero de 2015 y abril de 2016. Se incluyeron en el estudio 180 pacientes. Se registraron variables demográficas, día de ingreso, comorbilidades asociadas, estado mental, nivel de deambulación y dependencia, tipo de fractura, toma de medicación anticoagulante o antiagregante, valor de la hemoglobina al ingreso, tipo de tratamiento, y demora quirúrgica. Resultados. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 83,7 años. El valor medio del índice de comorbilidad de Charlson era de 2,8; con un 70% de pacientes con al menos 2 comorbilidades. La demora quirúrgica media fue de 3,1 días. En el momento del ingreso, 122 pacientes (67,7%) se consideraron aptos para la intervención quirúrgica. De ellos, 80 pacientes (44,4%) fueron intervenidos en los 2 primeros días tras el ingreso. El análisis multivariante mostraba el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson mayor de 2, la anticoagulación, y el ingreso hospitalario de jueves a sábado, como factores independientes asociados a la demora quirúrgica mayor de 2 días. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de pacientes con fractura de cadera intervenidos en los 2 primeros días del ingreso hospitalario es bajo. Los factores asociados a la demora quirúrgica no son modificables. Sin embargo, su conocimiento debería permitir el desarrollo de protocolos de actuación que consiguieran reducir la demora quirúrgica en este grupo de pacientes (AU)

Objective. To identify pre-operative risk factors for surgical delay of more than 2 days after admission in patients older than 65 years with a hip fracture. Material and methods. A prospective observational study was conducted on 180 hip fractures in patients older than 65 years of age admitted to our hospital from January 2015 to April 2016. The data recorded included, patient demographics, day of admission, pre-fracture comorbidities, mental state, level of mobility and physical function, type of fracture, antiaggregant and anticoagulant medication, pre-operative haemoglobin value, type of treatment, and surgical delay. Results. The mean age of the patients was 83.7 years. The mean Charlson Index was 2.8. The pre-fracture baseline co-morbidities were equal or greater than 2 in 70% of cases. Mean timing of surgery was 3.1 days. At the time of admission, 122 (67.7%) patients were fit for surgery, of which 80 (44.4%) underwent surgery within 2 days. A Charlson index greater than 2, anticoagulant therapy, and admission on Thursday to Saturday, were independently associated with a surgical delay greater than 2 days. Conclusions. The rate of hip fracture patients undergoing surgery within 2 days is low. Risk factors associated to surgical delay are non-modifiable. However, their knowledge should allow the development of protocols that can reduce surgical delay in this group of patients (AU)

Risk factors for in-hospital mortality following hip fracture. / Factores de riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en la fractura proximal de fémur.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients older than 65 years with a hip fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. We studied a cohort of 331 hip fracture patients older than 65 years of age admitted to our hospital from 2011 to 2014. Patients demographics, type of residence, physical function, mobility, prefracture comorbidities data, cognitive status, anti-aggregant and anticoagulant medication, preoperative haemoglobin value, type of fracture, type of treatment, surgical delay, and complications, were recorded. RESULTS: The average age was 83, 73% female, and 57% had sustained a subcapital fracture. In 62.8% pre-fracture baseline co-morbidities were equal or greater than 2. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.4%. In univariate analysis, age over 90, male gender, haemoglobin ≤ 10g/dl, no antiplatelet agents, orthopaedic treatment, number of co-morbidities≥2, Charlson index≥2, age-adjusted Charlson index≥6, congestive heart failure, asthma, rheumatologic disease, were associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative patient-related factors have a strong relationship with in-hospital mortality in a hip fracture patients aged older than 65 years. These factors are non-modifiable; we recommend the development of protocols to reduce in-hospital mortality in this group of patients.

Risk-factors for surgical delay following hip fracture. / Factores de riesgo para la demora quirúrgica en la fractura de cadera.

OBJECTIVE: To identify pre-operative risk factors for surgical delay of more than 2 days after admission in patients older than 65 years with a hip fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on 180 hip fractures in patients older than 65 years of age admitted to our hospital from January 2015 to April 2016. The data recorded included, patient demographics, day of admission, pre-fracture comorbidities, mental state, level of mobility and physical function, type of fracture, antiaggregant and anticoagulant medication, pre-operative haemoglobin value, type of treatment, and surgical delay. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 83.7 years. The mean Charlson Index was 2.8. The pre-fracture baseline co-morbidities were equal or greater than 2 in 70% of cases. Mean timing of surgery was 3.1 days. At the time of admission, 122 (67.7%) patients were fit for surgery, of which 80 (44.4%) underwent surgery within 2 days. A Charlson index greater than 2, anticoagulant therapy, and admission on Thursday to Saturday, were independently associated with a surgical delay greater than 2 days. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of hip fracture patients undergoing surgery within 2 days is low. Risk factors associated to surgical delay are non-modifiable. However, their knowledge should allow the development of protocols that can reduce surgical delay in this group of patients.

Dosis única intravenosa de ácido tranexámico como medida de ahorro transfusional en prótesis total primaria de rodilla / Single intravenous tranexamic acid dose to reduce blood loss in primary total knee replacement

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la administración de una dosis única intravenosa de ácido tranexámico como medida de ahorro transfusional en prótesis total primaria de rodilla. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional prospectivo de la administración de ácido tranexámico en pacientes intervenidos de prótesis total primaria de rodilla desde noviembre de 2013 a febrero de 2015, en los que se utilizó un sistema de recuperación de sangre autóloga. Se incluyeron en el estudio 98 pacientes distribuidos en dos grupos de 49 pacientes según la exposición a la administración de ácido tranexámico. La variable principal del estudio fue el número de pacientes que precisaron autotransfusión del sistema de recuperación de sangre autológa. Resultados. No se registraron pérdidas durante el seguimiento. No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos con respecto a las variables preoperatorias y hospitalarias. Los valores medios de hemoglobina y hematocrito preoperatorios, a las 24 y 48 h postoperatorias eran similares en ambos grupos. El volumen medio de sangrado en el sistema de recuperación de sangre autóloga y la pérdida media estimada de sangre fue menor en los pacientes a los que se había administrado ácido tranexámico, siendo las diferencias significativas. Ningún paciente del grupo en el que se administró ácido tranexámico precisó autotransfusión sanguínea. No se precisó alotransfusión sanguínea en los pacientes de la cohorte. No se registraron eventos adversos relacionados con la administración del ácido tranexámico. Conclusiones. El uso de una dosis única 15 mg/kg de ATX intravenoso en PTR primaria ha presentado una tasa de no autotransfusión ni alotranfusión sanguínea del 100%, sin aumento en la incidencia de eventos trombóticos. Por ello recomendamos su utilización en este grupo de pacientes, con una indicación que debe ser individualizada, justificar su uso en la historia clínica y precisar del consentimiento informado del paciente. Nivel de evidencia III (AU)

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a single intravenous dose of tranexamic acid in order to reduce blood loss in total knee replacement. Materials and methods. Prospective observational study of the administration of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty from November 2013 to February 2015, in which an autologous blood recovery system was used. The study included 98 patients, distributed into two groups of 49 patients according to whether or not they received intravenous tranexamic acid. The primary endpoint was the number of patients requiring autologous transfusion from the recovery system autologous blood recovery system. Results. No drop-outs were recorded during follow-up. There were no significant differences between groups as regards the preoperative and hospital variables. The mean preoperative haemoglobin and haematocrit at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively were similar in both groups. The average volume of bleeding in the autologous blood recovery system and estimated average blood loss was lower in patients who had been administered tranexamic acid, with significant differences. No patients in the group that was administered tranexamic acid required blood autotransfusion. The transfusion rate was zero in the two groups. No adverse events related to the administration of tranexamic acid were recorded. Conclusions. Intravenous administration of tranexamic acid, according to the described protocol, has presented a non-autotransfusion or allo-transfusion rate of 100%, with no increased incidence of thrombotic events. Thus, its use in this group of patients is recommended. The indication should be individualized, its use justified in the patient medical records, and informed consent is mandatory (AU)

[Single intravenous tranexamic acid dose to reduce blood loss in primary total knee replacement]. / Dosis única intravenosa de ácido tranexámico como medida de ahorro transfusional en prótesis total primaria de rodilla.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a single intravenous dose of tranexamic acid in order to reduce blood loss in total knee replacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of the administration of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty from November 2013 to February 2015, in which an autologous blood recovery system was used. The study included 98 patients, distributed into two groups of 49 patients according to whether or not they received intravenous tranexamic acid. The primary endpoint was the number of patients requiring autologous transfusion from the recovery system autologous blood recovery system. RESULTS: No drop-outs were recorded during follow-up. There were no significant differences between groups as regards the preoperative and hospital variables. The mean preoperative haemoglobin and haematocrit at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively were similar in both groups. The average volume of bleeding in the autologous blood recovery system and estimated average blood loss was lower in patients who had been administered tranexamic acid, with significant differences. No patients in the group that was administered tranexamic acid required blood autotransfusion. The transfusion rate was zero in the two groups. No adverse events related to the administration of tranexamic acid were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous administration of tranexamic acid, according to the described protocol, has presented a non-autotransfusion or allo-transfusion rate of 100%, with no increased incidence of thrombotic events. Thus, its use in this group of patients is recommended. The indication should be individualized, its use justified in the patient medical records, and informed consent is mandatory.