Oral ulcer in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report.

Background: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019 caused the global pandemic. Oral and dermatological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) such as xerostomia, aphthous-like lesions, ulcers, tongue depapillation, necrotizing gingivitis, and taste disorders, including the loss of taste and salivary gland infections are being reported. This study aims to describe a case of oral ulcers following COVID-19 infection. Case Description: We present the case of a 95-year-old male patient hospitalized in follow-up care and rehabilitation unit, of Minimes Geriatric Clinic, Toulouse, France. He had an alteration in his general health in the context of COVID-19 infection detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Six days after the admission, the patient complained of a strong burning sensation of the mouth, especially on the tongue and the lips' mucosa. Intraoral examination revealed painful erosive areas on the lateral edges of the tongue and the mucous side of the lower lip. The proposed treatment to reduce the burning sensation was based on general analgesics (morphine sulfate), mouthwash with sodium bicarbonate, the application of a lidocaine-based oral anesthetic and healing gel and a comfort-oriented diet. Thirteen days later, the patient reported a gradual improvement. Conclusions: A diverse range of oral manifestations has been observed in patients with a history of COVID-19 infection. These oral ulcers significantly impact the quality of life of the individual, causing intense pain, stress, and difficulties in eating, with repercussions on nutritional status, especially in older individuals. Our case underscores the importance of oral examinations and the role of dentists in the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Viscoelastic behavior of oral mucosa. A rheological study using small-amplitude oscillatory shear tests.

The purpose of this work was to determine the viscoelastic behavior of porcine and human oral mucosa under physiological conditions of temperature, hydration and chewing. The linear elastic and viscous shear moduli of these soft tissues were determined by small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests at masticatory frequency using a stress-controlled rheometer equipped with an immersion cell on punched biopsies 8 mm in diameter. Non physiological conditions of temperature were also used to access other parameters such as the denaturation temperature of collagen. First, the different parameters such as normal force, frequency and maximal strain were adjusted to obtain reliable data on porcine mucosa. The optimal normal force was 0.1N and the linear viscoelastic limit was found for a strain amplitude of 0.5% for both 0.1 and 1 Hz. The storage moduli of porcine mucosa, ranging from 5 to 16 kPa, were in the same range as cutaneous tissues determined by SAOS at equivalent frequencies. The storage modulus, superior to the loss modulus G″, indicates a predominant elastic contribution to shear stress in chewing conditions. Second, this protocol evidenced an influence of the anatomic site of the mouth on the viscoelastic behavior of porcine mucosa, mandibular biopsies having higher storage moduli than maxillary biopsies. Temperature scans showed the mechanical manifestation of collagen denaturation in the 60-70 °C range as previous calorimetric analyses. Finally, this mechanical protocol was successfully adapted to characterize human mucosa in an elderly population. It was shown that the elastic modulus is impacted by local inflammation (gingivitis), decreasing significantly from 6 ± 1.4 kPa to 2.5 ± 0.3 kPa.

How do information flows affect impact from environmental research? - An analysis of a science-policy network.

Evidence of the impact arising from environmental research is increasingly demanded. Exchanges between science providers and actors that use scientific knowledge to address environmental problems are recognized as a key component of the mechanisms through which impact occurs. Yet, the role of interactions between science and policy actors in delivering and shaping research impact is not well established. We aim to better understand how transfer of science in a science-policy network generates impact. Our approach relies on an exploratory social network analysis (SNA), applied to a network of organisations working on land and water management in a catchment in the UK. We analyse flows of scientific information across these organisations and how those contribute to impact, which we conceptualized as change in organisations at three levels: increased awareness, operational change and strategic change. We find that organisations occupying central positions in the network facilitate the transfer of science and influence the level of change achieved. We also find that the effectiveness of the flows of information and impact delivery depends on boundary organisations, in particular public regulatory bodies, that connect agents with others. Moreover, intended change reported by science providers does not often transform directly into change as reported by the receivers of the information. We conclude that both exchanges between researchers and research users and the role of boundary organisations are key to impact delivery and making change possible. This is valuable for understanding where improvements to information flows between organisations might enhance impact.

Do awareness-focussed approaches to mitigating diffuse pollution work? A case study using behavioural and water quality evidence.

Efforts to tackle diffuse water pollution from agriculture are increasingly focusing on improving farmers' awareness under the expectation that this would contribute to adoption of best management practices (BMPs) and, in turn, result in water quality improvements. To date, however, no study has explored the full awareness-behaviour-water quality pathway; with previous studies having mostly addressed the awareness-behaviour link relying on disciplinary approaches. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we investigate whether awareness-focussed approaches to mitigating diffuse water pollution from agriculture indeed result in water quality improvement, addressing the pathway in full. We worked with Dwr Cymru Welsh Water (a water and waste utility company in the UK) on a pesticide pollution intervention programme, referred to as "weed wiper trial". The main goal of the trial was to raise farmers' awareness regarding pesticide management practices and to promote uptake of BMPs to tackle the rising concentrations of the pesticide MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) in raw water in three catchments in Wales. Using factorial analysis of variance, we analysed MCPA concentrations from 2006 to 2019 in the three targeted catchments and in three control catchments. This was followed by semi-structured in-depth interviews with institutional stakeholders and farmers with varying degrees of exposure to the weed wiper trial. Results show that MCPA concentration for both targeted and control catchments had reduced after the implementation of the weed wiper trial. However, the decline was significantly larger (F(1) = 6.551, p < 0.05, n = 3077, Partial eta-squared (ηp2) = 0.002) for the targeted catchments (mean = 45.2%) compared to the control catchments (mean = 10.9%). Results from the stakeholder interviews indicate that improved awareness contributed to changes in farmers' behaviour and that these can be related to the water quality improvements reflected by the decline in MCPA concentration. Alongside awareness, other psychosocial, economic, agronomic factors, catchment and weather conditions also influenced farmer's ability to implement BMPs and thus overall water quality improvements.

[Swallowing disorders, training and assessment of geriatric practices]. / Troubles de la déglutition en gériatrie, formation et évaluation des pratiques professionnelles.

In geriatrics, swallowing disorders are frequent, representing a daily source of anxiety for the nursing teams. Training in this area, aimed at caregivers in a long-stay care unit, has been developed based on an assessment of professional practices.

[Improvement of oral health at institutionalized patients. Choice and validation of an adapted oral hygiene kit in long-term care unit]. / Amélioration de la santé orale chez des patients institutionnalisés Choix et validation d'un kit d'hygiène bucco-dentaire adapté au sein d'une USLD (unité de soins de longue durée).

The initiatives to improve the quality are widely developed in the healthcare sector. So, an evaluation of the professional practices (EPP) concerning oral diseases in elderly was organized in the long term care unit of the teaching hospital of Toulouse. In the dynamic of this EPP, a pilot study consisted in estimating a new kit of oral hygiene. This hygiene kit was chosen according to defined criteria adapted to the elderly. The results show a clear improvement of the oral health measured with a specific index (Oral health assessment tool).

[Oral ecosystem in elderly people]. / L'écosystème buccal chez le patient âgé

The mouth is a complex natural cavity which constitutes the initial segment of the digestive tract. It is an essential actor of the vital functions as nutrition, language, communication. The whole mouth (teeth, periodontium, mucous membranes, tongue) is constantly hydrated and lubricated by the saliva. At any age, a balance becomes established between the bacterial proliferations, the salivary flow, the adapted tissular answer: it is the oral ecosystem. The regulation of this ecosystem participates in the protection of the oral complex against current inflammatory and infectious pathologies (caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, candidiasis). In elderly, the modification of the salivary flow, the appearance of specific pathologies (root caries, edentulism, periodontitis), the local conditions (removable dentures), the development of general pathologies, the development of general pathologies (diabetes, hypertension, immunosuppression, the insufficient oral care are so many elements which are going to destabilize the oral ecosystem, to favor the formation of the dental plaque and to weaken oral tissues. The preservation of this ecosystem is essential for elderly: it allows to eat in good conditions and so to prevent the risks of undernutrition. The authors describe the oral physiopathology (oral microflora, salivary secretion) and the strategies to be adopted to protect the balance of the oral ecosystem in geriatric population.