[The daily life of patients at the Hôtel-Dieu in Lyon in the nineteenth century]. / La vie quotidienne des patients à l'hôtel-Dieu de Lyon au XIXème siècle.

In 1802 the Hôtel-Dieu in Lyons was incorporated in the so-called Hospices Civils de Lyon. This allowed the expansion and renovation of buildings, as well as the improvement of the conditions of hygiene and comfort of the patients. This hospital was devoted only to the most severely ill or injured adults. 1100 patients were treated by seven doctors, a main surgeon and his deputy, residents and sisters. Broadly speaking the evolution of surgery can be divided into two periods: that of before anesthesia and septic surgery and that of antiseptic and aseptic surgery. We have to mention Gensoul and the resection of the maxillary before anesthesia, Bonnet and Ollier who were devoted to osteo-articular surgery (Ollier's disease), Poncet who built the first aseptic theater, Jaboulay and the resident Carrel who were transplantation's pioneers, Bouveret (paroxysmal tachycardia and Bouveret syndrome), Destot who did the first medical use of X-rays in 1895.

[Health problems of combatants during the First World War]. / Les problèmes de santé des combattants durant la Première Guerre mondiale.

The First World War because of the use of new weapons, injured more than 3 500 000 people (500 000 in the face), more than diseases (tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.) or even weather circumstances. The healing of the war wounds through surgery undertook a significant evolution thanks to the use of asepsis and antiseptics. Mortality go down, opening the way to the physical and psychological rehabilitation of those injured by the war.

[A spectacular revolution: evolution of French military health service]. / La révolution spectaculaire du Service de santé aux armées.

After the sanitary disaster caused by the first months of the conflict, the Health service of the French armies undertook a true revolution. By 1918, it had become the most efficient of all the opposing armies. At the end of 1914, through the spacing out of the evacuating hospitals within the zone of the armies, the most efficient teams were placed as close as possible to the front. Injured soldiers were categorized at every step of the chain. Technical progress, especially in war surgery, pushed medicine into the moderne era.

[War casualty triage during the First World War]. / Le triage des blessés pendant la Grande Guerre.

Along with the front hospitals (HOE), the action of sorting out the injured was one of the most important innovations of the Great War. Progressively, it was implemented and codified on each level of the evacuating chain, with variations due to the different phases of the conflict, such as in Verdun or in the Somme. From 1917 onwards, specific sorting centers, managed by experimented soldiers, were set up in the evacuating hospitals.

[Wound care during the First Word War]. / Les soins des plaies au quotidien durant la Première Guerre mondiale.

Following the sanitary disaster which occurred during the first months of First Word War, the French Military Health System has structured itself. Focus was made on effective surgical sorting for stabilization aids before evacuation. The functional prognosis of the war injured individual as his survival has been significantly improved. We report nurses' testimonies, for some unpublished yet: challenging aids, especially wounds.

[The seven wounds Ernst Jünger at the time of the Great War. Reflection of the health service of the imperial army]. / Les sept blessures d'Ernst Jünger lors de la Grande Guerre. Reflet du service de santé de l'armée impériale.

Thanks to Ernt Junger's amazing career--and despite his many injuries--we have a great view of the German Imperial Army's sanitary corps. This can be observed from the actions of the stretcher-bearers to German hospitals in general, and with the organization of their sanitary transport, as well as their medico-surgical concerns. We can see, therefore, that very few differences existed with the French medico-surgical structures except for the fact that,from the very beginning, Imperial medical warfare was able to adjust to the changes from field to trench situations. Thanks to its adaptable system of triage, and its ability to offer the most coherent medico-surgical choices and options, it was possible to save time. It enabled surgical actions in places that were close to the battlefield. Furthermore, we have been able to find out about the personal experience of an exceptional 20th century writer who later became a great European citizen.

[Medicinal plants and symbols in the medieval mystic altarpiece]. / Les plantes médicinales et symboliques dans les jardins mystiques des retables médiévaux.

The medieval mystic altarpiece towers above the altar table. It is linked to the evocation of a religious mystery beyond our faculty of reasoning. Symbolism of an enclosed garden evokes the image of the Heavenly Garden isolated by a wall from the rest of earthly world. In this mystic chiefly Rhenan altarpiece the enclosed garden is that of Virgin Mary who in the Middle Ages was likened to the spouse in the song of songs. The Blessed Virgin is painted with flowers, lily, rose, violet, lily of the valley. Most of these are medicinal plants in order to implore a faith healing for the believers. All in all about fifty plants are showed on Rhenan altarpieces and on 14th century mystic altarpieces almost contemporary of Issenheim's altarpiece, some Italian, some Rhenan.

[Anatomo-clinical collections carried out in Marseille during the 1914-1918 war and kept at the museum of the health services of the army in Paris]. / Les collections anatomo-cliniques réalisées & Marseille durant la guerre de 1914-1918 et conservées au musée du service de santé des armées & Paris.

The creation in full war, in Val-de-Grâce in Paris, of the center "Archives and documents of war" by Justin Godart brought together nearly 100,000 archivistic files, 10,000 objects or anatomopatholocal pieces among which 1500 wax casts or plaster casts and their technical and photographic documents. The reports and the objects realized in Marseilles in the XVth military region, show certainly the progress of that surgery during the 1st world War but also provide a better understanding of the functioning of the major specialized services created in this city for the nerves surgery, orthopedic or the maxillofacial surgery.

[Michel Lévy (1809-1872) head of the Ecole du Val-de-Grâce]. / Michel Lévy (1809-1872) directeur de l'Ecole du Val-de-Grâce.

Son of a modest clothier in Strasburg he succeeded to entrance examination to the military hospital in 1830. He defended his thesis in 1834 and was appointed professor at the hospital "Val-de-Grâce" in 1850. As General and Director of the Military Health Service in Crimea he fought against cholera through remarkable measures of hygiene. In 1856 he was appointed Director of the Imperial School of Medicine and Pharmacy of Val-de-Grâce in Paris. Michel Levy held fast to his Jewish origins and was tolerant to the other religions.

[François de Lapeyronie, from Montpellier (1678-1747). "Surgery restorer" and universal spirit. The soul, Musc, rooster eggs]. / François de Lapeyronie, de Montpellier (1678-1747). "Restaurateur de la chirurgie" et esprit universel l'ame, le musc, les oeufs de coq.

François de Lapeyronie was a master in surgery in 1695 in Paris then in 1717 and rewarded with the rank of Medical Doctor of the University of Reims. The authors try to underline his intelligence and his broadmindedness through three publications about the centre of the soul in the corpus callosum, the anatomical dissection of a kind of stone marten and the scientific research of the so called 'egg of cock'.

[Medical conditions of the French armies in Spain. Campaigns of 1808-1814 and 1823]. / Etats sanitaires des armées françaises en Espagne. Campagnes de 1808-1814 et 1823.

During the war of Spain in 1808-1814, the first guerillas of history, the French military sanitary service must face up insecurity and insalubrity of hospitals. The campaign in 1823 illustrates contrariwise the good organization of Service and the first oppositions to Broussais.

[A special collection, testimony of the national assistance for the fight against tuberculosis in the trenches (1914 - 1917)]. / Une collection particulère, témoignage de l'aide nationale pour la lutte contre la tuberculose dans les tranchées (1914 - 1917).

The authors try to explain the human and patriotic reasons of the sale of vignettes and little medals in 1917. It was the year when tuberculosis raged in trenches. On Léon Bourgeois's instigation the country was urged for the difficult struggle and people were thanked for their gift by vignettes and medals some of which were signed by the famous artist René Lalique (1860-1945). The authors show a rare and complete collection human and patriotic reasons.

[Theophilus of Bordeu (1722-1776). A man of spirit, eclectic knowledge and fascinating brilliance]. / Théophile de Bordeu (1722-1776). Un homme d'esprit, de connaissances eclectiques et sachant séduire.

A member of a medical family, Théophile de Bordeu (1722-1776) studied and worked in southwestern France, then in Paris. He was acquainted both with the Royal Court and the Encyclopedists and was very "a la mode". His main book was his Recherches anatomiques sur la position des glandes, et sur leur action published in 1752. Elegant and brilliant, he has been a good precursor in many medical fields.

[The Hospital of Origin of Stage (H.O.E.) of Bouleuse/Aubilly/Ste-Euphraise in the storm of beginning of the second battle of the Marne (end May-beginning June 1918): Some memories on René Leriche]. / L'Hôpital d'Origine d'Etape (H.O.E.) de Bouleuse/Aubilly/Ste-Euphraise dans la tourmente de début de la deuxième bataille de la Marne (fin mai-début juin 1918): Quelques souvenirs sur René Leriche.

The article deals with the role of the Hospital of "Bouleuse" during the harsh German attack in June 1918 at the beginning of the second Battle of the Marne. The hospital was also a School of War Surgery directed by radiologist Claudius Regaud. Some famous French surgeons (Robert Proust, Lemaître, Roux-Berger) participated in the running of the hospital and René Leriche began his study about osteogenesis and the role of the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems in the big traumatic damages. His reports are all the more interesting as the records of the Hospital Bouleuse have been totally destroyed during the attack.

[Progress in surgery of limb's wounds during the Great War]. / L'evolution de la chirurgie des plaies de guerre des membres en 1914-1918.

The prominent tenets of limb's wound surgery have been improved during the Great War. Before 1914, traditional treatment of war injuries was usually applied on the ground because injuries caused by firearms were supposedly trivial while the threatening infection refrained surgeons from acting. From the very start of 1914, gangrene and septicaemia were the terrible consequences of new types of injuries provoked by shrapnel, all the more dangerous that the wounded men were numerous and the injuries were nursed after a too important delay. New surgical facilities have been organised by the French Military Health Service which created the "Ambulances Chirurgicales Automobiles", improved the selection procedures and the mobilization of many surgeons. New surgical treatments such as lancing, continuous use irrigation, delayed suture of wounds allowed improvement of results and saved more than one soldier. Finally, the excision of dead and contaminated tissues is still nowadays the most important progress in war surgery.