Ultrasonography of the stomach and small intestine in healthy Mangalarga Marchador horses from birth to 5 years of age / Ultrassonografia de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos Mangalarga Marchador saudáveis desde o nascimento até cinco anos de idade

The aim of the study was to describe location, sonographic characteristics and measures of the stomach and small intestine of equines at different ages. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 88 healthy equines of either sex, aged 1, 7 and 15 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 months and 1, 3 and 5 years, with 20 animals per group. Location, characteristics and measurements of stomach, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were performed for each measurement and the percentile for each age was analyzed. The work showed the growth and characteristics of the organs evaluated over time. Adult animals showed a minimum of 4 duodenal movements per minute. It was possible to locate the organs evaluated in all animals. The detailed ultrasound examination of these organs allowed gathering information that could be used to assist in the care of future patients.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever localização topográfica, características e medidas ultrassonográficas de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos em diferentes idades. Foi realizado um exame ultrassonográfico abdominal em 20 equinos saudáveis de ambos os sexos, com idades de um, sete e 15 dias, um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, 10 e 11 meses e um, três e cinco anos. A localização, as características e as medidas de estômago, duodeno e jejuno foram avaliadas. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva para cada medida e analisado o percentil para cada idade. O trabalho mostrou o crescimento e as características dos órgãos avaliados ao longo do tempo. Animais adultos apresentaram um mínimo de quatro movimentos por minuto de duodeno. Foi possível localizar os órgãos avaliados em todos os animais. O exame ultrassonográfico detalhado desses órgãos permitiu agrupar informações que poderão ser usadas para auxiliar no atendimento a futuros pacientes.

Nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis in a horse - case report / Conjuntivite linfocítica nodular em equino - relato de caso

The case of an equine with nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis is described. A 14-year-old crossbred mare was seen presenting with development of a mass in the nasal angle of the right eye, behind the third eyelid. The tutor reported slow growth over 4 years, always accompanied by epiphora, and that no treatment had been performed prior to consultation. The histopathological and immunohistochemical results found a nodular, subepithelial structure, composed predominantly of densely packed small lymphocytes. Through the exams, associated with studies with monoclonal anti B lymphocyte antibodies and polyclonal anti T lymphocyte antibodies, the diagnosis of nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis was reached. Only clinical pharmacological treatment was chosen, based on the use of topical and intralesional hydrocortisone acetate. After one month of treatment the mass completely disappeared without sequelae.

Descreve-se o caso de um equino com conjuntivite linfocítica nodular. Uma égua, mestiça, de 14 anos, foi atendida apresentando desenvolvimento de uma massa no ângulo nasal do olho direito, atrás da terceira pálpebra. O tutor relatou um crescimento lento durante 4 anos, sempre acompanhado de epífora, para o qual não foi realizado tratamento prévio à consulta. Os resultados histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico constataram uma estrutura nodular e subepitelial, composta predominantemente por linfocitos pequenos densamente agrupados. Por meio dos exames, associados a estudos com anticorpos monoclonais antilinfocitos B e anticorpos policlonais antilinfocitos T, chegou-se ao diagnóstico de conjuntivite linfocítica nodular. Optou-se apenas pelo tratamento clínico farmacológico, baseando-se na utilização de acetato de hidrocortisona tópica e intralesional. Após um mês de tratamento, a massa involuiu por completo, sem deixar sequelas.

Ludoaprendizaje en anatomía: impacto en las concepciones culturales y el afrontamiento cadavérico desde la neurociencia cognitiva / Playbased learning in anatomy: impact on cultural conceptions and cadaveric affronting from cognitive neuroscience

El jugar fue resignificado por Huizinga como un recurso didáctico y se lo denominó "ludoaprendizaje", "aprendizaje mediado por el juego" o "técnicas lúdicas". Diversos autores estudiaron su aplicación en distintos contextos fue desarrollado como estrategia didáctica por los impulsores de la Escuela Nueva. Distintos autores (Brunner, Frebel, Decroly, Montessori, Cossettini y Freire) han analizado sus proyecciones pedagógicas y resaltaron el valor formativo e impacto en las estrategias cognitivas para la resolución de problemas, desarrollar la atención y memoria, así como elemento motivador y de creatividad. El objetivo es evaluar el impacto de esta intervención didáctica en las concepciones culturales y conceptuales referidas al material cadavérico durante el TP y su afrontamiento. Realizamos un sstudio observacional y transversal mediante una encuesta aplicada a 658 alumnos (año 2016=198; año 2017= 228; año 2018= 232) que incluyó la Escala de ansiedad ante la muerte de Temple -EAM- modificada, preguntas poblacionales (edad, sexo, lugar de nacimiento, situación en la materia, aspectos laborales, estudios previos, motivaciones en relación con la elección de la carrera) y se indagaron términos asociados a los conceptos "material cadavérico" y "pieza anatómica" con la técnica de listados libres de Bernard y la técnica de montones para investigar concepciones culturales e imaginarios y grupos de dimensiones conceptuales. Dado que la arquitectura de la Cátedra divide a los alumnos en 2 salones distintos, para evaluar diferencias con la inclusión de actividades lúdicas en un grupo. Los resultados fueron procesados con pruebas de estadística descriptiva e inferencial (SPSS para dicho análisis y realización de dendogramas), para análisis de los términos Visual Anthropac Freelists versión: 1.0.1.36 y Visual Anthropac Pilesorts versión: 1.0.2.60. El presente trabajo cumple con los reparos ético-legales y normativos vigentes. Observamos que los términos "material cadavérico" y "pieza anatómica" se asociaron con repugnancia, asco, miedo y elemento de estudio, principalmente. En el grupo de alumnos con técnicas lúdicas se objetivó menor cantidad de términos negativos, así como dimensiones conceptuales más relacionadas con el material como recurso instruccional didáctico y no como factor de distrés. En conclusión, la implementación de técnicas lúdicas en la didáctica del proceso enseñanza y aprendizaje con material cadavérico en la materia Anatomía se asoció con un menor impacto negativo en los términos asociados y dimensiones conceptuales referidos al material cadavérico. Dicho impacto tiene injerencia en el contexto de la enseñanza y se asociaría con la disminución de factores negativos en el afrontamiento cadavérico.

The act of playing is as ancient as humanity itself, yet Huizinga was the one who re-signified the concept of "ludic" as a didactive resource related to culture. Play-based learning was developed as a didactic strategy by the forerunners of the New School. Several Authors (Brunner, Frebel, Decroly, Montessori, Cossettini and Freire) have analyzed its pedagogy projections and stressed the impact and formative value in the cognitive strategies involved in problem solving tasks, attention and memory development, as well it's motivational and creativity elements. The object of the present work is to evaluate the impact of these didactic interventions in the cultural and conceptual conceptions of the students related to cadaveric material in the course of practical working during anatomy classes. Observational and transversal study through a questionnaire applied to 658 medical students (2016, n = 198; 2017, n= 228; 2018 n=232) which included a Modified Templer Death Anxiety Scale, population questions (age, gender, place of birth, situation regarding the subject, work-related aspects, former studies, motivations related to career choice). Terminology related to "cadaveric material" and "anatomic piece" was investigated with Bernard's free-listing and lot-drawing techniques in order to investigate cultural and imaginary conceptions and groups of conceptual dimensions. The class structure divides the students in two different ckassrooms, in order to evaluate difference with the inclusion of play-based activities in one of them. The results were processed using tests of descriptive and inferencial statistics (SPSS and dendrogram making), to evaluate the terminological analysis, Visual Anthropac Freelists versión: 1.0.1.36 and Visual Anthropac Pilesorts versión: 1.0.2.60. The present research takes into account all current ethical and legal norms. It has been observed that terms such as "cadaveric material" and "anatomic piece" were associated mainly with repugnancy, disgust, fear and study material. It was observed, in the group of student using play based techniques, a lesser number of negative terminology, as well as conceptual dimensions related with the material as a didactic and instructional resource instead of a distress factor. In conclusion the implementation of play-based techniques in the learning process of the Anatomy coursework was positively associated with a lesser negative impact in both associated terminology and in conceptual dimensions related to cadaveric material. Such an impact is of particular importance in the context of teaching and it would relate with the decrease of negative factors in cadaveric affronting.

Gestion de riesgo y eventos adversos en cirugia toracica / Risk management and adverse events in thoracic surgery

Introducción: Un evento adverso ocurre como consecuencia de factores y fenómenos conjugados para su aparición(procesos mal desarrollados, tecnologías mal aplicadas, infraestructura inadecuada o interacciones humanas fallidas) desencadenando un incidente/accidente que puede causar lesión, discapacidad, con morbilidad,prolongación de la internación y/o fallecimiento, derivada de la asistencia sanitaria y no de la enfermedad de base. Objetivos: Identificar, analizar e informar eventos adversos evitables ocurridos en procesos clínico-quirúrgicos en Cirugía Torácica como prevención de riesgo. Reconocer y analizar factores causales de eventos adversos. Estimular la educación continua para desarrollar una cultura de seguridad. Diseño: Estadístico retrospectivo, observacional. Material y método: Se realizó un análisis estadístico retrospectivo, de los eventos adversos (EA) en cirugía torácica,en un Servicio de Cirugía General, analizando factores contribuyentes de los mismos, de un total de 57 pacientes de cirugía torácica desde el 01 de Diciembre 2009 al 01 de Enero 2011.Resultados: 10(17,5 %) pacientes presentaron EA y todos (100%) se consideraron prevenibles. En 5 casos (50 %)hubo discapacidad temporal y en 4 (40 %) no hubo discapacidad agregada a la patología de base. Uno (10%) presentó incapacidad permanente. No se registró mortalidad asociada al evento adverso. El 100% de losEA ocurrieron por factores humanos, 7(70 %) por técnica inadecuada, 1(10%) por falla en diagnóstico, 2 (20%) por complicaciones en manejo postquirúrgico.Conclusiones: Cuando un evento adverso ocurre, falló el sistema de salud. La lista de chequeo resulta de utilidad pudiendo alertar y evitar acciones inseguras. Analizar factores contribuyentes, registrar e informar eventos ocurridos en cirugía torácica sirven simultáneamente para prevención, disminución de riesgo y desarrollo de una cultura de seguridad para el paciente.

Gestion de riesgo y eventos adversos en cirugia torácica

Introducción: Un evento adverso ocurre como consecuencia de factores y fenómenos conjugados para su aparición (procesos mal desarrollados, tecnologías mal aplicadas, infraestructura inadecuada o interacciones humanas fallidas) desencadenando un incidente/accidente que puede causar lesión, discapacidad, con morbilidad, prolongación de la internación y/o fallecimiento, derivada de la asistencia sanitaria y no de la enfermedad de base. Objetivos: Identificar, analizar e informar eventos adversos evitables ocurridos en procesos clínico-quirúrgicos en Cirugía Torácica como prevención de riesgo. Reconocer y analizar factores causales de eventos adversos. Estimular la educación continua para desarrollar una cultura de seguridad. Diseño: Estadístico retrospectivo, observacional. Material y método: Se realizó un análisis estadístico retrospectivo, de los eventos adversos (EA) en cirugía torácica, en un Servicio de Cirugía General, analizando factores contribuyentes de los mismos, de un total de 57 pacientes de cirugía torácica desde el 01 de Diciembre 2009 al 01 de Enero 2011. Resultados: 10(17,5 %) pacientes presentaron EA y todos (100%) se consideraron prevenibles. En 5 casos (50 %) hubo discapacidad temporal y en 4 (40 %) no hubo discapacidad agregada a la patología de base. Uno (10 %) presentó incapacidad permanente. No se registró mortalidad asociada al evento adverso. El 100% de los EA ocurrieron por factores humanos, 7(70 %) por técnica inadecuada, 1(10%) por falla en diagnóstico, 2 (20 %) por complicaciones en manejo postquirúrgico. Conclusiones: Cuando un evento adverso ocurre, falló el sistema de salud. La lista de chequeo resulta de utilidad pudiendo alertar y evitar acciones inseguras. Analizar factores contribuyentes, registrar e informar eventos ocurridos en cirugía torácica sirven simultáneamente para prevención, disminución de riesgo y desarrollo de una cultura de seguridad para el paciente.(AU)

Introduction: An adverse event occurs as a result of factors and phenomena conjugated for his appearance (poorly developed processes, poorly applied technologies, inadequate infrastructure or failed human interactions) triggering an incident that can cause injury, disability, morbidity, length prolongation of hospitalization, death, arising from health care and not the underlying disease. Objectives: Identify, analyze and report preventable adverse events that occurred in surgical clinic processes in thoracic surgery as risk prevention. Recognize and analyze factors of adverse events. Encourage continuous education to develop a safety culture. Design: Retrospective, observational statistical study. Materials and methods: a retrospective statistical analysis of adverse events (EA) in thoracic surgery from a General Surgery service, analyzing contributing factors of a total 57 patients of thoracic surgery from December 01 2009 to January 01, 2011. Results: 10 (17.5 %) patients presented EA and all (100 %) were considered preventable. There were temporary disability in 5 cases (50 %) and 4 (40 %) there was no disabilities added to the pathology of base. One (10 %) introduced permanent disability. Mortality associated with the adverse event not occurred. The 100 % of the EA occurred by human factors, 7 (70 %) by inadequate technique, 1 (10 %) by fault in diagnostic procedure,2 (20 %) by complications in postoperative management. Conclusions: When an adverse event occurs, it failed the health system. The checklist is useful and can alert and avoid unsafe actions. Analyzing contributing factors, record and report events in thoracic surgery serve simultaneously for prevention, risk reduction and development of a culture of safety for the patient.(AU)

Efficacy of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in a controlled study of equine carpitis.

Twelve healthy horses were subject to the monoioidoacetate (MIA) carpitis model, which was allowed to develop for 7 days. The horses were then randomly divided into two groups. Group A (control) received an intramuscular injection of normal saline every 4 days for a total of seven injections while group B received 500 mg of a PSGAG (SYNTEX CSY36) intramuscularly every 4 days for seven treatments. Efficacy of the PSGAG was evaluated by three clinical outcomes: lameness score, carpal circumference and maximum carpal flexion. Clinical outcomes were measured on days -8 (previous to carpitis induction), 0 (previous to drug treatment), 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. Areas under the curve clinical outcome as function of time were built and used as variables for the statistical analysis. There was less joint circumference enlargement and lameness and greater carpal flexion in PSGAG-treated horses compared with that in controls. The studied compound has demonstrated to be efficacious on the treatment of a chemically induced carpitis in horses.

Effect of different penetration enhancers on diclofenac permeation across horse skin.

Diclofenac is a hydrophilic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in humans and animals. Previous reports have shown that this compound has low percutaneous absorption in horses. The effect of five penetration enhancers (10% urea, 15% and 20% oleic acid and 5% and 10% d-limonene) on the percutaneous absorption of diclofenac diethylamine through horse skin was evaluated in vitro using Franz-type diffusion cells. All tested penetration enhancers induced a significant increase in diclofenac diethylamine permeation, with limonene showing the highest enhancing effect at the lowest concentration (5%) applied. The presence of the permeation enhancers did not affect lag-time. This is the first in vitro study of the effects of penetration enhancers on transdermal permeation of diclofenac diethylamine across horse skin. The results suggested that urea, limonene and 5% oleic acid were useful for enhancing the transdermal absorption of diclofenac diethylamine and may assist in the development of a transdermal formulation of diclofenac diethylamine for use in horses.