Mechanical behaviour of granular materials undergoing grain dissolution.

Geotechnical engineering projects are often at risk from threats related to mineral dissolution and loss of particles that constitute the matrix of the geomaterial. Moreover, the impact of climate change can exacerbate these risks by accelerating the physical processes. To address such challenges, it is a pre-requisite to understand and quantify the effect of mineral dissolution on geomechanical behaviour. A general theoretical approach to mechanical consequences of geomaterials experiencing mineral dissolution was first proposed. Following, a series of oedometer tests were conducted using mixtures of salt and sand with various salt contents to observe and characterise the effect of dissolution on the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. The dissolution of salt crystals was performed in three different stress states to observe the stress-dependent response of the material. The effect of dissolution was dependent both on the amount of dissolved salt particles and the applied stress state. The laboratory experiments and the discussion followed shares insights into the effect of grain dissolution on the mechanical behaviour of granular materials and proved the potential of the framework presented in this paper. Finally, the paper ends by discussing the engineering implications bearing in mind the climate change we are facing today.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Kynurenine Pathway, and Lipid-Profiling Alterations as Potential Animal Welfare Indicators in Dairy Cattle.

Complete animal welfare evaluation in intensive farming is challenging. With this study, we investigate new biomarkers for animal physical and mental health by comparing plasma expression of biochemical indicators in dairy cows reared in three different systems: (A) semi-intensive free-stall, (B) non-intensive tie-stall, and (C) intensive free-stall. Additionally, protein levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) and its precursor form (proBDNF) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) specific activity were evaluated in brain samples collected from 12 cattle culled between 73 and 138 months of age. Alterations in plasma lipid composition and in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism were observed in the tie-stall-reared animals. The total plasma BDNF concentration was higher in tie-stall group compared to the two free-housing groups. Brain analysis of the tie-stall animals revealed a different mBDNF/proBDNF ratio, with a higher level of proBDNF (p < 0.001). Our data are similar to previous studies on animal models of depression, which reported that inhibition of the conversion of proBDNF in its mature form and/or elevated peripheral kynurenine pathway activation may underlie cerebral biochemical changes and induce depressive-like state behavior in animals.

First record of Aedes japonicus in Liguria region, Northwest of Italy.

Aedes japonicus is an invasive Asian mosquito species, and to date it is widespread in many European countries. In Italy, it was first recorded in 2015 at the Austrian border and it then spread throughout the Northeast of the country. In 2019, it was also identified in Piedmont region, near the Swiss border. In the framework of the Italian program for prevention, surveillance, and response to Arboviruses, from June to November 2021, biweekly entomological surveillance was performed in the Liguria region (Northwest Italy). The collected mosquitoes were morphologically and genetically identified and molecularly analysed for the detection of West Nile and Usutu viruses. Six female mosquitoes, trapped on the 6th of July 2021 using a gravid trap in Albenga (Savona province), were morphologically identified as Ae. japonicus and the identification was genetically confirmed. The pool tested was negative for the presence of West Nile and Usutu viruses. The detection of Ae. japonicus was performed in a coastal area characterized by the presence of many floriculture activities. Considering the distance from the established Ae. japonicus mosquito populations in Italy and other European countries, this could represent an independent introduction in this country.

SiCoDEA: A Simple, Fast and Complete App for Analyzing the Effect of Individual Drugs and Their Combinations.

The administration of combinations of drugs is a method widely used in the treatment of different pathologies as it can lead to an increase in the therapeutic effect and a reduction in the dose compared to the administration of single drugs. For these reasons, it is of interest to study combinations of drugs and to determine whether a specific combination has a synergistic, antagonistic or additive effect. Various mathematical models have been developed, which use different methods to evaluate the synergy of a combination of drugs. We have developed an open access and easy to use app that allows different models to be explored and the most fitting to be chosen for the specific experimental data: SiCoDEA (Single and Combined Drug Effect Analysis). Despite the existence of other tools for drug combination analysis, SiCoDEA remains the most complete and flexible since it offers options such as outlier removal or the ability to choose between different models for analysis. SiCoDEA is an easy to use tool for analyzing drug combination data and to have a view of the various steps and offer different results based on the model chosen.

Ticks infesting humans and associated pathogens: a cross-sectional study in a 3-year period (2017-2019) in northwest Italy.

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne diseases are common throughout Europe. Ticks transmit pathogens to the host while feeding and together with mosquitoes, they are major vectors of infectious agents worldwide. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of tick-bite events and tick-borne disease in northwest Italy, but information on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks removed from humans remains scarce. To fill this gap, we report here the prevalence of tick bites and tick-borne pathogens documented for humans in Piedmont, northwest Italy, in the 3-year period 2017-2019. METHODS: Ticks attached to humans during 2017-2019 were collected from residents of urban and rural area by physicians and veterinarians working with local veterinary agencies. All ticks (n = 1290) were morphologically identified to the species level. A subset of ticks removed from children (age 0-18 years) and the elderly (> 70 years), both age groups considered to be at-risk populations, was screened by biomolecular analysis to detect pathogens (e.g. Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., Anaplasma spp.). Pathogen identity was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Ticks were taxonomically assigned to ten species of six genera (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus). Most belonged to the genus Ixodes: 1009 ticks (78.22%) were classified as Ixodes ricinus. A subset of 500 ticks collected from the two at-risk populations were subjected to PCR assay to determine the presence of Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., and Anaplasma spp. The overall prevalence of infection was 22.8% (n = 114; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.19-26.73%), meaning that at least one pathogen was detected: Rickettsia spp. (prevalence 15%, n = 76; 95% CI 12.17-18.65%); Borrelia spp. (prevalence 6.4%, n = 32; 95% CI 4.42-8.92%); and Anaplasma spp. (prevalence 1.2%, n = 6; 95% CI 0.44-2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data underline the importance of surveillance in the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases and the implementation of strategies to control tick infestation and associated pathogens.

Circadian clock: Time for novel anticancer strategies?

Disruption of the circadian clock is associated with a variety of human pathologies, including cancer. Rather than being a mere consequence of a global changes associated with the cancer cell transcriptome, the aberrant clock gene expression observed in many tumors may serve for cancer cell survival. This scenario suggests the provocative hypothesis that pharmacological modulation of clock-related proteins may be suitable as an effective anticancer strategy. In this review, we focus on the functions of the druggable circadian nuclear receptors, REV-ERBα and REV-ERBß, in cancer cell survival and describe the potential development of small molecule compounds that modulate REV-ERB activity as novel anticancer therapeutics. In addition, we debate the use of circadian rhythm-based synthetic lethal approaches to identify yet unexplored anticancer strategies.

Synthesis and in Vitro Anticancer Activity of the First Class of Dual Inhibitors of REV-ERBß and Autophagy.

Autophagy inhibition is emerging as a promising anticancer strategy. We recently reported that the circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBß plays an unexpected role in sustaining cancer cell survival when the autophagy flux is compromised. We also identified 4-[[[1-(2-fluorophenyl)cyclopentyl]amino]methyl]-2-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenol, 1 (ARN5187), as a novel dual inhibitor of REV-ERBß and autophagy. 1 had improved cytotoxicity against BT-474 breast cancer cells compared to chloroquine, a clinically relevant autophagy inhibitor. Here, we present the results of structure-activity studies, based around 1, that disclose the first class of dual inhibitors of REV-ERBß and autophagy. This study led to identification of 18 and 28, which were more effective REV-ERBß antagonists than 1 and were more cytotoxic to BT-474. The combination of optimal chemical and structural moieties of these analogs generated 30, which elicited 15-fold greater REV-ERBß inhibitory and cytotoxic activities compared to 1. Furthermore, 30 induced death in a panel of tumor cell lines at doses 5-50 times lower than an equitoxic amount of chloroquine but did not affect the viability of normal mammary epithelial cells.