Efficacy of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Reducing Post-Operative Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Post-operative infections are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an antimicrobial agent that has been used in various surgical settings to prevent infections. However, the literature on its efficacy in reducing post-operative infections remains unclear. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of PHMB in reducing post-operative infections. The risk of bias and methodologic quality of the included studies were also assessed. Results: The systematic review included nine RCTs, and eight were included in the meta-analysis that showed that the use of PHMB was associated with a reduction in the rate of post-operative infections. The overall effect size was statistically significant, with moderate heterogeneity across the included studies (log Peto's odds ratio [OR], -0.890; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.411 to -0.369; I2 = 41.89%). However, the diversity in the application of PHMB and the potential influence of other factors, such as adherence to infection prevention protocols and organizational-level variables, underscore the need for further primary studies. Conclusions: Polyhexamethylene biguanide appears to be a promising intervention for reducing post-operative infections. However, more high-quality, well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm these findings and to explore the most effective ways to use PHMB within specific infection prevention bundles. Future research should also aim to control for potential confounding factors to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of PHMB in reducing post-operative infections.

[The management of adult congenital heart disease in the emergency department. The Task Force from the Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease]. / Il cardiopatico congenito adulto in Pronto Soccorso. Task Force sulle Emergenze del Cardiopatico Congenito Adulto della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica e delle Cardiopatie Congenite.

Over recent years, thanks to remarkable advances in pediatric cardiology, cardiac surgery and catheter interventions, survival of children with congenital heart disease has significantly increased with the majority of patients surviving into adulthood. Therefore, the prevalence of adult patients with congenital heart disease has dramatically increased, as well as the need for specific and dedicated programs. Acute heart failure, infective endocarditis and arrhythmias represent the most common causes of visit in the emergency department in this population. Our task force aimed at guiding physicians taking care of this peculiar cohort of patients in the emergency department.

Tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The single-arm TOCIVID-19 prospective trial.

BACKGROUND: Tocilizumab blocks pro-inflammatory activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6), involved in pathogenesis of pneumonia the most frequent cause of death in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A multicenter, single-arm, hypothesis-driven trial was planned, according to a phase 2 design, to study the effect of tocilizumab on lethality rates at 14 and 30 days (co-primary endpoints, a priori expected rates being 20 and 35%, respectively). A further prospective cohort of patients, consecutively enrolled after the first cohort was accomplished, was used as a secondary validation dataset. The two cohorts were evaluated jointly in an exploratory multivariable logistic regression model to assess prognostic variables on survival. RESULTS: In the primary intention-to-treat (ITT) phase 2 population, 180/301 (59.8%) subjects received tocilizumab, and 67 deaths were observed overall. Lethality rates were equal to 18.4% (97.5% CI: 13.6-24.0, P = 0.52) and 22.4% (97.5% CI: 17.2-28.3, P < 0.001) at 14 and 30 days, respectively. Lethality rates were lower in the validation dataset, that included 920 patients. No signal of specific drug toxicity was reported. In the exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age and lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio negatively affected survival, while the concurrent use of steroids was associated with greater survival. A statistically significant interaction was found between tocilizumab and respiratory support, suggesting that tocilizumab might be more effective in patients not requiring mechanical respiratory support at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Tocilizumab reduced lethality rate at 30 days compared with null hypothesis, without significant toxicity. Possibly, this effect could be limited to patients not requiring mechanical respiratory support at baseline. Registration EudraCT (2020-001110-38); clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04317092).

Diagnostic Performance of Chest X-Ray for COVID-19 Pneumonia During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Lombardy, Italy.

Chest x-ray (CXR) can play a role in diagnosing patients with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but only few small-scale studies are available. We assessed the diagnostic performance of CXR in consecutive patients presenting at the emergency room at the Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy from February 24 to April 8, 2020 for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results of CXR were classified as positive or negative according to the original prospective radiologic reports. To overcome the limitations of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swab, especially oscillating sensitivity, we added the information obtained from phone calls to discharged patients with negative initial RT-PCR. Thus, we included 535 patients with concomitant CXR and RT-PCR on admission (aged 65±17 y; 340 males, 195 females), resulting in 408 RT-PCR positive and 127 negative patients at the composite reference standard. Original CXR reports showed an 89.0% sensitivity (95% confidence intervals [CI], 85.5%-91.8%), 60.6% specificity (95% CI, 51.6%-69.2%), 87.9% positive predictive value (95% CI, 84.4%-90.9%), and 63.1% negative predictive value (95% CI, 53.9%-71.7%). The adoption of CXR alongside RT-PCR to triage patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection could foster a safe and efficient workflow, counteracting possible false negative RT-PCR results.

HIV-Related Lymphoproliferative Diseases in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.

HIV-positive patients have a 60- to 200-fold increased incidence of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) because of their impaired cellular immunity. Some NHL are considered Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) defining conditions. Diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBC) and Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) are the most commonly observed, whereas Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL), Central Nervous System Lymphomas (PCNSL), Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) and classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) are far less frequent. Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder highly prevalent in HIV-positive patients and strongly associated with HHV-8 virus infection. In the pre-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (CART) era, patients with HIV-associated lymphoma had poor outcomes with median survival of 5 to 6 months. By improving the immunological status, CART extended the therapeutic options for HIV positive patients with lymphomas, allowing them to tolerate standard chemotherapies regimen with similar outcomes to those of the general population. The combination of CART and chemotherapy/ immuno-chemotherapy treatment has resulted in a remarkable prolongation of survival among HIVinfected patients with lymphomas. In this short communication, we briefly review the problems linked with the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases in HIV patients. Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (CART) not only reduces HIV replication and restores the immunological status improving immune function of the HIV-related lymphomas patients but allows patients to deal with standard doses of chemotherapies. The association of CART and chemotherapy allowed to obtain better results in terms of overall survival and complete responses. In the setting of HIVassociated lymphomas, many issues remain open and their treatment is complicated by the patient's immunocompromised status and the need to treat HIV concurrently.

Bloodstream infections during post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after heart surgery is a relatively common procedure. It is easily applicable but associated with a number of complications, including bloodstream infections. The aim of this study is to determine the current rate and the risk factors related to bloodstream infections acquired during post-cardiotomy veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study. From the overall population receiving any kind of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation from March 2013 through December 2017, the post-cardiotomy patient population was extracted, with a final sample of 92 veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenations. The risk of developing bloodstream infections as a function of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation exposure was analyzed with appropriate statistical analyses, including a Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 14 (15.2%) patients developed a bloodstream infection during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or within the first 48 h after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation removal. The total extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration in the population was 567 days, and the incidence of bloodstream infections was 24.7 bloodstream infections/1000 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation days. There was a progressive increase in the cumulative hazard ratio during the first 7 days, reaching a value of 20% on day 7; from day 7 and day 15, the hazard ratio remained stable, with a second increase after day 15. The independent risk factors associated with bloodstream infections were adult age, pre-implantation serum total bilirubin level, and the amount of chest drain blood loss. DISCUSSION: Infections acquired during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are common. Identify the risk factors that may improve strategies for treatment and prevention.

Epidemiological trends of infective endocarditis in a single center in Italy between 2003-2015.

OBJECTIVE: Changes in the incidence, clinical features and microbiology of infective endocarditis (IE) observed in a single center in Italy were compared between the period 2003-2010 and 2011-2015. METHODS: All cases of IE, defined as definite or possible according to the modified Duke criteria, observed at the 'L. Sacco' Hospital in Milan, Italy between 2003 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: 366 episodes of IE were identified in 325 patients. The mean number of incident IE over the period 2003-2015 was 1.43 (range: 0.6-2.1) cases per 1000 admissions, with a significantly increasing trend from a mean of 1.28-1.72 cases per 1000 admissions/year in 2003-2010 and 2011-2015, respectively (+34%; p = .04). Staphylococci remain the leading pathogens causing IE (29%) with a relative increase of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between the two periods. Streptococci and enterococci account for 26% and 18% of IE, respectively. We found an increase in the proportion of cases due to enterococci (from 14% in 2003-2010 to 22% in 2011-2015). The rate of in-hospital mortality was 19%, similar in the two periods studied. CONCLUSION: The incidence of IE continuously increased in our cohort over the past decade and, along with the aging of the population, a raise in the incidence of health care-associated infections and a change in the distribution of prevalent pathogens were observed. Surgery was independently associated with higher in-hospital survival (AOR, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.19-0.74; p = .005). A constant surveillance is required to guide the optimal management of the changing epidemiology of IE.

High rate of hepatitis B viral breakthrough in elderly non-Hodgkin lymphomas patients treated with Rituximab based chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Rituximab-containing chemotherapies are offered to elderlies for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). From 0.7 to 27% of patients with "resolved" HBV infection develop HBV reactivation and related hepatitis during Rituximab-containing chemotherapies. Currently, several antiviral drugs are available for the prophylaxis of patients at risk for HBV reactivation, which include lamivudine, tenofovir, entecavir, and adefovir. Viral breakthrough may occur during therapy, which is defined as an abrupt increase in serum HBV DNA levels after a period of persistent suppression. Viral breakthrough occurs with non-compliance to therapy and, also, when drug-resistant mutants emerge. The risk might be higher in fragile patients as elderlies. AIMS: Since no study addressed this question, we determined the rate of HBV-RS in patients >65years undergoing Rituximab-containing chemotherapies for NHLs. METHODS: We evaluated 85 newly diagnosed NHL patients with resolved HBV infection, receiving Rituximab-containing chemotherapies. All received lamivudine. HBV DNA was checked at baseline, every 4 weeks, for 1year after completion of Rituximab cointaining regimens. RESULTS: Nine patients (10%) had HBV reactivation and HBV related hepatitis. All received entecavir and recovered without consequences. HBV reactivation was more likely to occur after an average of five R-CHOP cycles or during Fludarabine. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of viral breakthrough (VBK), in our study population, is high considering that the patients were HBV DNA negative at baseline and suggest that Lamivudine prevention may not be sufficient in this population.

Metabolic and kidney disorders correlate with high atazanavir concentrations in HIV-infected patients: is it time to revise atazanavir dosages?

INTRODUCTION: Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) is a relatively well tolerated antiretroviral drug. However, side effects including hyperbilirubinemia, dyslipidemia, nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis have been reported in the medium and long term. Unboosted ATV may be selected for some patients because it has fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects, less hyperbilirubinemia and less impact on lipid profiles. METHODS: We investigated the distribution of ATV plasma trough concentrations according to drug dosage and the potential relationship between ATV plasma trough concentrations and drug-related adverse events in a consecutive series of 240 HIV-infected patients treated with ATV/r 300/100 mg (68%) or ATV 400 mg (32%). RESULTS: 43.9% of patients treated with ATV/r 300/100 mg had ATV concentrations exceeding the upper therapeutic threshold. A significant and direct association has been observed between the severity of hyperbilirubinemia and ATV plasma trough concentrations (ATV concentrations: 271 [77-555], 548 [206-902], 793 [440-1164], 768 [494-1527] and 1491 [1122-1798] ng/mL in patients with grade 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hyperbilirubinemia, respectively). In an exploratory analysis we found that patients with dyslipidemia or nephrolitiasis had ATV concentrations significantly higher (582 [266-1148], and 1098 [631-1238] ng/mL, respectively) (p<0.001), as compared with patients with no ATV-related complications (218 [77-541] ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients treated with the conventional dosage of ATV (300/100) had plasma concentrations exceeding the upper therapeutic threshold. These patients that are at high risk to experience ATV-related complications may benefit from TDM-driven adjustments in ATV dosage with potential advantages in terms of costs and toxicity.

Fungal endocarditis observed over an 8-year period and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Fungal endocarditis (FE) is a "modern" disease that is considered an emerging cause of infective endocarditis (IE). The most frequently identified fungal pathogens are Candida spp., which are responsible for up to two-thirds of all cases; the remaining cases are due to Aspergillus spp., Histoplasma capsulatum or, more rarely, other yeasts and moulds. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcome of FE diagnosed in a single tertiary centre and review the literature concerning FE. DESIGN AND SETTING: An 8-year retrospective review of the case records of patients attending a single Italian University Centre and diagnosed as having definite or probable IE as defined by the modified Duke criteria. RESULTS: Six patients were identified from 229 episodes of IE: five cases involved a prosthetic valve, and one a native valve of an intravenous drug user. Five cases were caused by Candida spp. (two by C. albicans, one each by C. lusitaniae, C. dubliniensis and C. glabrata) and one by Aspergillus flavus. Three patients were treated by means of surgery plus antifungal therapy; two received antifungal therapy alone. Three patients survived, but only the patient with Aspergillus endocarditis was followed up for a long time. CONCLUSIONS: FE is difficult to diagnose but generally associated with healthcare infections. The optimal treatment is poorly characterised, and international collaborative studies are urgently needed to evaluate newer antifungal agents.

Profile of infective endocarditis observed from 2003 - 2010 in a single center in Italy.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to provide a contemporary picture of the epidemiologic, clinical, microbiologic characteristics and in-hospital outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) observed in a single center in Italy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients with definite or probable IE observed at the "L. Sacco" Hospital in Milan, Italy, from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2010. RESULTS: 189 episodes of IE in 166 patients were included. The mean number of incident IE in the study period was of 1.27 (range 0.59-1.76) cases per 1000 patients admitted. The median age of the cohort was 57 (interquartile range, 43-72) years, 63% were male and 62.5% had native valve IE. Twenty-six percent were active intravenous drug users (IVDU), 29% had a health care-associated IE and 5% chronic rheumatic disease. Twenty-nine percent of the cases occurred in patients affected by chronic liver disease and 19% in HIV positive subjects. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (30%), followed by streptococci. The mitral (34%) and aortic (31%) valves were involved most frequently. The following complications were common: stroke (19%), non-stroke embolizations (25%), heart failure (26%) and intracardiac abscess (9%). Surgical treatment was frequently employed (52%) but in hospital mortality remained high (17%). Health care-associated IE and complications were independently associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death, while surgery was associated with decreased mortality. CONCLUSION: S. aureus emerged as the leading causative organism of IE in a University hospital in northern Italy. Our study confirmed the high in-hospital mortality of IE, particularly if health care associated, and the protective role of surgery.

Imported Loa loa filariasis: three cases and a review of cases reported in non-endemic countries in the past 25 years.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to highlight the increasing chance of Western physicians encountering patients (both immigrants and expatriates/travelers) seeking help for loiasis. METHODS: We describe three cases of imported loiasis observed at two hospitals in Italy and France, and present a review of all previously published cases in the medical literature in the last 25 years (1986-2011). The search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases using the terms "Loa loa" AND "loiasis". RESULTS: We reviewed 101 cases of imported loiasis of which 61 (60.4%) were reported from Europe and 31 (30.7%) from the USA. Seventy-five percent of infestations were acquired in three countries: Cameroon, Nigeria, and Gabon. Overall, peripheral blood microfilariae were detected in 61.4% of patients, eosinophilia in 82.1%, eye worm migration in 53.5%, and Calabar swellings in 41.6%. However, Calabar swellings and eosinophilia were more common among expatriates/travelers, whereas African immigrants were more likely to have microfilaremia. Eye worm migration was observed in a similar proportion in the two groups. Only 35 patients (including the three described here) underwent clinical follow-up for a median period of 10.5 months (range 1-84 months); clinical relapse occurred in three of these patients and persistence or reappearance of blood microfilaria in another two. CONCLUSIONS: Due to increasing travel and the migration of people from the endemic countries of West Africa to Europe and the USA, we speculate on the possible emergence of loiasis. Western physicians should be aware of the typical (eye worm migration and Calabar swellings) as well as unusual clinical presentations.

Switching to unboosted atazanavir reduces bilirubin and triglycerides without compromising treatment efficacy in UGT1A1*28 polymorphism carriers.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperbilirubinaemia is a frequent complication of atazanavir-containing antiretroviral therapy and its severity is related to UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 1A1*28 polymorphism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and outcome of unboosted atazanavir-containing regimens based on the genetic constitution. METHODS: Fifty-one HIV-1-infected patients on boosted atazanavir were prospectively enrolled in the study. Twenty-five patients with a UGT1A1*28 allele switched to 400 mg of unboosted atazanavir. RESULTS: At baseline, UGT1A1 heterozygous and homozygous patients had significantly higher bilirubin levels than wild-type (P = 0.012 and P < 0.001, respectively). After ritonavir removal, a reduction was observed in total bilirubin (from 4.09 to 1.82 mg/dL; P < 0.001), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (P = 0.015), triglycerides (P = 0.03) and total cholesterol (P = 0.05). No significant changes in CD4 T cell count and no increases in viral load were observed 12 months after unboosting. Plasma drug monitoring after ritonavir removal revealed the presence of therapeutic atazanavir concentrations in all patients except one with poor therapy adherence. CONCLUSIONS: UGT1A1*28 is significantly related to hyperbilirubinaemia in HIV-1 patients receiving atazanavir. Genotyping before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy can reduce the emergence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia. Unboosted atazanavir-containing therapy is safe and efficacious in patients with an undetectable viral load with a UGT1A1*28 polymorphism, allowing the use of atazanavir in patients otherwise likely unable to receive it.

Expression of interleukin-15 and interleukin-15Rα in monocytes of HIV type 1-infected patients with different courses of disease progression.

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) enhances the effector mechanisms of anti-HIV immune responses and thus is considered a potential adjuvant of HIV-1 vaccine. However, there are a lack of data concerning the relationships between IL-15 expression and regulation in HIV-1-infected patients and the course of disease progression. We found that IL-15, but not IL-15Rα, is expressed at significantly higher levels in the CD14(+) monocytes [stimulated or not with interferon (IFN)-γ] of long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) than in those of HIV-1 progressors or healthy controls. There was no between-group difference in the amounts of soluble IL-15 released from the cells. We also found that like the healthy controls, the LTNP expressed the IL-15 and IL-15Rα genes in a more coordinated manner than the progressors. Our findings show that there are significant differences in IL-15 expression between patients with different courses of HIV infection, and that the coordinated expression of the IL-15 and IL-15Rα genes is dysregulated in patients with progressive disease. They also provide important information concerning the mechanisms of infection and the potential use of IL-15 as a therapeutic agent.

Enfuvirtide administration in HIV-positive transgender patient with soft tissue augmentation: US evaluation.

Enfuvirtide is a large protein that should be injected subcutaneously to ensure an appropriate absorption. Here we report the case of a transgender HIV-positive patient receiving enfuvirtide with an individualized background regimen of antiretroviral drugs, who had previously undergone liquid silicone oil injections. We performed US scan to detect silicone-free areas for following enfuvirtide injections. US can be useful in the correct management of those patients with liquid silicone oil soft tissue augmentation who require subcutaneously injected drugs.

Skewed T-cell maturation and function in HIV-infected patients failing CD4+ recovery upon long-term virologically suppressive HAART.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of functionally defined T-cell differentiation in HIV-infected patients with low CD4(+) on virologically suppressive HAART is crucial to design clinically efficacious treatments. METHODS: We cross-sectionally investigated the maturation (CD45RA/CCR7, CD7) and function [antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT), interleukin-2 (IL-2)/interferon-gamma-producing cells] of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in 34 HIV-infected immunological nonresponders (INRs): CD4(+) cell count less than or equal to 200 cells/microl, HIV-RNA 50 copies/ml or less, as compared to 20 full responders (CD4(+) > 500 cells/microl, HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml). RESULTS: We describe skewed T-cell maturation in INRs with outgrowth of effector memory CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) CD4(+)/CD8(+) and Th2-committed CD7(-)CD4(+), and reduced unprimed-naive T cells (P = 0.001). Functionally, INRs display reduced Gag-specific ELISPOT (P = 0.04) and IL-2-secreting CD8(+) (P = 0.08) while showing CMV-specific responses comparable to full responders. CONCLUSION: CD4 lymphopenia on HAART results in skewed, senescent T-cell maturation profile, inefficient T-helper function and poor HIV-specific CD8(+) response. This delineates a functional/phenotypic T-cell pattern that correlates to unfavourable clinical outcome.