Nanoemulsions of essential oils against multi-resistant microorganisms: An integrative review.

Microbial resistance to drugs continues to be a global public health issue that demands substantial investment in research and development of new antimicrobial agents. Essential oils (EO) have demonstrated satisfactory and safe antimicrobial action, being used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food formulations. In order to improve solubility, availability, and biological action, EO have been converted into nanoemulsions (NE). This review identified scientific evidence corroborating the antimicrobial action of nanoemulsions of essential oils (NEEO) against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Using integrative review methodology, eleven scientific articles evaluating the antibacterial or antifungal assessment of NEEO were selected. The synthesis of evidence indicates that NEEO are effective in combating multidrug-resistant microorganisms and in the formation of their biofilms. Factors such as NE droplet size, chemical composition of essential oils, and the association of NE with antibiotics are discussed. Furthermore, NEEO showed satisfactory results in vitro and in vivo evaluations against resistant clinical isolates, making them promising for the development of new antimicrobial and antivirulence drugs.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae ST-1901 in Rio de Janeiro from 2006 to 2022: Phylogeny and antimicrobial resistance evolution of a well-succeeded pathogen.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global threat to public health due to the accumulation of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. ST-1901 is an internationally important sequence type (ST) because of its high incidence and the usual occurrence of chromosomally determined resistance. In this study, we describe the evolution of the ST-1901 and its single locus variants in Rio de Janeiro from 2006 to 2022. We analyzed 82 N. gonorrhoeae isolates according to antimicrobial susceptibility profile, resistance mechanisms, molecular typing, and phylogenetics. Six different single locus variants were detected. Phylogenetic analysis identified five clades, which share similar characteristics. Resistance rates for penicillin and tetracycline decreased due to the lower occurrence of resistance plasmids, but intermediary resistance to penicillin rose. Resistance to ciprofloxacin remained high throughout all clades and the years of the study. Regarding resistance to azithromycin, alterations in mtrR promoter and gene, and 23S rRNA encoding gene rrl were detected, with a notable rise in the incidence of C2611T mutations in more recent years occurring in four of five clades. In contrast, ß-lactam resistance associated penA 34 mosaic was found only in one persisting clade (Clade D), and unique G45D and A39T mutations in mtrR gene and its promoter (Nm-Like) were found only in Clade B. Taken together, these data suggest that ST-1901, a persistently circulating lineage of N. gonorrhoeae in Rio de Janeiro, has undergone changes over the years and may evolve to develop resistance to the current recommended dual therapy adopted in Brazil, namely, ceftriaxone and azithromycin.

Optimization of HS-SPME/GC-MS Method for Determining Volatile Organic Compounds and Sensory Profile in Cocoa Honey from Different Cocoa Varieties (Theobroma cacao L.).

This study aimed to develop an analytical method using HS-SPME/GC-MS to determine the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles and evaluate the sensory attributes of cocoa honey from four cocoa varieties (CCN51, PS1319, SJ02, and Parazinho). Using a multivariate factorial experimental design, the HS-SPME/GC-MS method was optimized to determine the VOC profiles. Twenty previously trained tasters participated in the ranking descriptive analysis, while 108 consumers participated in the acceptance and purchase intention tests. A total of 84 volatile organic compounds were identified from various chemical classes, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. Palmitic acid was the compound found in the highest concentration in all varieties (5.13-13.10%). Multivariate analysis tools identified key compounds for differentiation and grouping of the samples. The results revealed that the variety significantly influenced both the VOCs' concentrations and sensory profiles. The CCN51, PS1319, and SJ02 varieties exhibited the highest diversity of VOCs and sensory attributes. Notably, the SJ02 and CCN51 varieties demonstrated superior acceptability and purchase intention, with means ranging from 7.21 and 7.08 to 3.71 and 3.56, respectively. These results indicate their potential as promising sources of cocoa honey for the food industry.

Hydroethanolic extracts from Bauhinia guianensis: a study on acute toxicity in Zebrafish embryos and adults.

CONTEXT: The botanical species Bauhinia guianensis Aublet (Leguminosae-Cercidoideae) is traditionally used in the Amazon for medicinal purposes. OBJECTIVE: The acute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extracts from B. guianensis leaves and stems (HELBg and HESBg) was evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio), with emphasis on the embryonic developmental stage and adult alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracts were analyzed on LC-DAD-MS/MS. Zebrafish eggs were inoculated individually with concentrations of HELBg and HESBg (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 µg/mL), observed for 96 h. Adult zebrafish were treated with a single oral dose (100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) of HELBg and HESBg, observed for 48 h. RESULTS: HELBg and HESBg analysis detected 55 compounds. Both extracts exhibited toxicity, including embryo coagulation at higher doses of HELBg and absence of heartbeats in embryos at all doses of HESBg. Behavioral variations were observed; tissue alterations in adult zebrafish were found at the highest doses, primarily in the liver, intestine, and kidneys because of HELBg and HESBg effects. The LD50 of HESBg was 1717 mg/kg, while HELBg exceeded the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: The study on acute toxicity of B. guianensis extracts exhibits significant toxic potential, emphasizing effects on embryonic and adult zebrafish. The results suggest relative safety of the species preparations, encouraging further clinical trials on potential biological activities.

Alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in the diets of broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease of worldwide distribution, which affects young broilers and causes economic losses on a scale of 6 billion dollars per year. For decades, NE was controlled in poultry flocks by dietary administration of low doses of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs). However, an increase in NE incidence was noted after the AGP ban. This study aimed to compare the effect of an antibiotic (Enramycin) diet to a combination of sodium butyrate, hydrolyzed yeast, and zinc proteinate (ViligenTM) on broiler diets regarding performance, blood parameters, intestinal permeability, morphology and lesions, and carcass yield of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens to simulate subclinical necrotic enteritis. A total of 1,150 one-day-old male broiler chickens with an initial average weight of 43.9 ± 0.65 g were allocated to 50 experimental pens. Animals were divided into 5 groups: Negative control (NC) without additives; Positive control (PC) with 0.12 g/ton of Enramycin (8%); V500, V1000, and V1500 with the addition of 500, 1.000, and 1.500 g/ton of Viligen, respectively. All animals were challenged by Eimeria spp. at 7 d of age and by C. perfringens at 17, 18, and 19 d for induction of subclinical NE. The broilers fed with all concentrations of Viligen showed similar performance, blood parameters, intestinal permeability, and carcass yield compared to PC broilers. However, NC broilers showed higher FCR compared to PC broilers from 1 to 33 d (1.42 vs. 1.39) (P = 0.048) and from 1 to 42 d (1.51 vs. 1.49) (P < 0.001). V1500 broilers had fewer intestinal lesions at 28 d when compared to the PC treatment (P < 0.05) and showed that higher Viligen inclusion resulted in lower intestinal damage. At 21 d, the V500 group showed higher intestinal morphology characteristics (VH:VD 4.9 vs. 3.5) compared to the PC treatment (P < 0.001). Thus, in this study, the dietary addition of Viligen to broilers challenged by an experimental model of subclinical NE resulted in lower intestinal damage and similar performance to that obtained by the addition of Enramycin.

Educação em saúde: gerenciamento de resíduos hospitalares e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual / Health education: hospital waste management and use of personal protective equipment / Educación sanitaria: gestión de residuos hospitalarios y uso de equipos de protección personal

Objetivo: Desenvolver intervenção educativa sobre gerenciamento dos resíduos de serviços de saúde e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual com profissionais de enfermagem. Métodos: Pesquisa-ação, realizada com profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital da rede pública no nordeste brasileiro, entre janeiro a julho de 2018. Os dados foram organizados com apoio do software webQDA© e análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias: Gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde e Utilização de Equipamentos de Proteção Individuais. Parte dos profissionais possuíam conhecimento adequado sobre o gerenciamento dos resíduos de serviços de saúde. Os resultados apontam que parcela dos participantes reconhecem a periculosidade que os grupos de resíduos de serviços de saúde possuem, adotando cuidados, porém, reconhecem a ocorrência de condutas não seguras, como uso incorreto de equipamentos de proteção individual. Além disso, os técnicos de enfermagem demostraram conhecimento incipiente sobre os resíduos de serviços de saúde e expressaram mais exposição a riscos ocupacionais. Conclusão: A intervenção educativa realizada evidenciou a necessidade de efetivar a construção de conhecimentos coletivos no âmbito da educação permanente relacionado aos resíduos e riscos ocupacionais entre profissionais de enfermagem. Recomendam-se outros estudos para avaliar a efetividade e impacto da intervenção educativa no ambiente hospitalar. (AU)

Objective: Develop educational intervention on health care waste management and the use of personal protective equipment with nursing professionals. Methods: Action research, carried out with nursing professionals from a public hospital in northeastern Brazil, between January and July 2017. The data were organized with the support of webQDA © software and content analysis by Bardin. Results: Two categories emerged: Waste Management from Health Services and Use of Personal Protective Equipment. Part of the professionals had adequate knowledge about the management of waste from health services. The results show that a portion of the participants recognize the dangerousness that the health service waste groups have, adopting care in relation to these, however, they recognize the occurrence of unsafe conduct, such as incorrect use of personal protective equipment. In addition, nursing technicians demonstrated incipient knowledge about health service waste and expressed more exposure to occupational risks. Conclusion: The educational intervention carried out showed the need to carry out the construction of collective knowledge within the scope of permanent education related to GRSS and occupational risks among nursing professionals. Further studies are recommended to assess the effectiveness and impact of educational intervention in the hospital environment. (AU)

Objetivo: Desarrollar una intervención educativa sobre la gestión de residuos sanitarios y el uso de equipos de protección personal con profesionales de enfermería. Métodos: Investigación acción, realizada con la profesión de un hospital público en el noreste de Brasil, entre enero y julio de 2017. Los datos se organizan con el apoyo del software webQDA © y el análisis de contenido Bardin. Resultados: Surgieron dos categorías: Gestión de dos Residuos de Servicios de Salud y Uso de Equipos de Protección Personal. Los profesionales de la segunda parte tienen el conocimiento o manejo adecuado de dos residuos de los servicios de salud. Los resultados indican que dos participantes reconsideran la peligrosidad que representaban los grupos de residuos del servicio de salud, adhiriéndose cuidados, por lo que reconsideran la ocurrencia de conductas inseguras, como el uso incorrecto de equipos de protección personal. Además, los técnicos de enfermería demostrarán un conocimiento incipiente sobre el desperdicio de servicios de salud y expresarán una mayor exposición a los riesgos laborales. Conclusión: La intervención educativa realizada mostró la necesidad de realizar la construcción de conocimientos colectivos fuera del ámbito de la educación permanente relacionada con los GRSS y los riesgos laborales entre los profesionales de la enfermedad. Recomendamos otros estudios para evaluar la efectividad y el impacto de la intervención educativa en el ámbito hospitalario. (AU)

Can habits and behaviors predict colonization by community-associated MRSA in patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital?

This study aimed to identify factors associated with colonization by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in adult patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital. This is a cross-sectional study, in which patients underwent a nasal swab and were asked about hygiene behavior, habits, and clinical history. Among the 702 patients, 180 (25.6%) had S. aureus and 21 (2.9%) MRSA. The factors associated with MRSA colonization were attending a gym (OR 4.71; 95% CI; 1.42 - 15.06), smoking habit in the last year (OR 2.37; 95% CI; 0.88 - 6.38), previous hospitalization (OR 2.18; CI 95%; 0.89 - 5.25), and shared personal hygiene items (OR 1.99; 95% CI; 0.71 - 5.55). At the time of admission, colonization by CA-MRSA isolates was higher than that found in the general population. This can be an important public health problem, already endemic in hospitals, whose factors such as those associated with habits (smoking cigarettes) and behaviors (team sports practice and activities in gyms) have been strongly highlighted. These findings may help developing infection control policies, allowing targeting patients on higher-risk populations for MRSA colonization.

Assessing the spatiotemporal occurrence and ecological risk of antifouling biocides in a Brazilian estuary.

Diuron and Irgarol are common antifouling biocides used in paints to prevent the attachment and growth of fouling organisms on ship hulls and other submerged structures. Concerns about their toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms have led to various restrictions on their use in antifouling paints worldwide. Previous studies have shown the widespread presence of these substances in port areas along the Brazilian coast, with a concentration primarily in the southern part of the country. In this study, we conducted six sampling campaigns over the course of 1 year to assess the presence and associated risks of Diuron and Irgarol in water collected from areas under the influence of the Maranhão Port Complex in the Brazilian Northeast. Our results revealed the absence of Irgarol in the study area, irrespective of the sampling season and site. In contrast, the mean concentrations of Diuron varied between 2.0 ng L-1 and 34.1 ng L-1 and were detected at least once at each sampling site. We conducted a risk assessment of Diuron levels in this area using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Our findings indicated that Diuron levels at all sampling sites during at least one campaign yielded an RQ greater than 1, with a maximum of 22.7, classifying the risk as "high" based on the proposed risk classification. This study underscores the continued concern regarding the presence of antifouling biocides in significant ports and marinas in Brazilian ports, despite international bans.

Can habits and behaviors predict colonization by community-associated MRSA in patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital?

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify factors associated with colonization by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in adult patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital. This is a cross-sectional study, in which patients underwent a nasal swab and were asked about hygiene behavior, habits, and clinical history. Among the 702 patients, 180 (25.6%) had S. aureus and 21 (2.9%) MRSA. The factors associated with MRSA colonization were attending a gym (OR 4.71; 95% CI; 1.42 - 15.06), smoking habit in the last year (OR 2.37; 95% CI; 0.88 - 6.38), previous hospitalization (OR 2.18; CI 95%; 0.89 - 5.25), and shared personal hygiene items (OR 1.99; 95% CI; 0.71 - 5.55). At the time of admission, colonization by CA-MRSA isolates was higher than that found in the general population. This can be an important public health problem, already endemic in hospitals, whose factors such as those associated with habits (smoking cigarettes) and behaviors (team sports practice and activities in gyms) have been strongly highlighted. These findings may help developing infection control policies, allowing targeting patients on higher-risk populations for MRSA colonization.

Luz UVC como estratégia de desinfecção do ar e superfícies hospitalares / Luz UV-C como estrategia de desinfección del aire y superficies hospitalarias / UVC light as a strategy for disinfection of hospital air and surfaces

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana de um dispositivo fixo emissor de luz UV-C na desinfecção de diferentes superfícies do ambiente hospitalar e sua eficácia antifúngica na qualidade do ar. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental realizado em uma unidade de internação hospitalar, que utilizou o Bioamostrador de ar Andersen® de seis estágios para análise do ar; e na avaliação das superfícies, utilizaram-se três suspensões de microrganismos (Acinetobacter sp. MDR, Escherichia coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de KPC) para contaminar o ambiente. Para ambos foram feitas coletas pré (controle) e pós-acionamento da luz UV-C (teste). Resultados Na avaliação do ar houve uma redução importante da contagem de colônias após a luz UV-C e não foram encontrados fungos patogênicos ou toxigênicos em nenhum dos dois momentos. Em relação à desinfecção das superfícies, nenhum crescimento bacteriano foi observado após a intervenção da luz, demonstrando 100% de inativação bacteriana nas condições testadas. Conclusão A utilização da tecnologia com emissão de luz UV-C fixa foi eficaz e pode ser considerada uma intervenção promissora para protocolos de desinfecção de superfícies hospitalares.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana de un dispositivo fijo emisor de luz UV-C para la desinfección de diferentes superficies del ambiente hospitalario y su eficacia antifúngica en la calidad del aire. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental realizado en una unidad de internación hospitalaria, en que se utilizó el biomuestreador de aire Andersen® de seis etapas para el análisis del aire. En el análisis de las superficies, se utilizaron tres suspensiones de microorganismos (Acinetobacter sp. MDR, Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de KPC) para contaminar el ambiente. En ambos se tomó una muestra antes (control) y después de accionar la luz UV-C (prueba). Resultados En el análisis del aire hubo una reducción importante del recuento de colonias después de la luz UV-C y no se encontraron hongos patógenos ni toxigénicos en ninguno de los dos momentos. Con relación a la desinfección de las superficies, no se observó ningún crecimiento bacteriano después de la intervención de la luz, lo que demuestra un 100 % de inactivación bacteriana en las condiciones analizadas. Conclusión El uso de la tecnología con emisión de luz UV-C fija fue eficaz y puede ser considerada una intervención prometedora para protocolos de desinfección de superficies hospitalarias.

Abstract Objective To evaluate a fixed UV-C light emitting device for its antimicrobial effectiveness in the disinfection of distinct surfaces and its antifungal effectiveness on air quality in the hospital environment. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in a hospital inpatient unit, in which a six-stage air Biosampler (Andersen®) was used for air analysis. In the evaluation of surfaces, three suspensions of microorganisms (Acinetobacter sp. multidrug-resistant, Escherichia coli, and KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used to contaminate the environment. In both evaluations, pre- (control) and post-activation of UV-C light (test) collections were made. Results In the air evaluation, an important reduction was observed in the colony count after irradiation with UV-C light, and pathogenic or toxigenic fungi were not found in either of the two moments. Regarding the disinfection of surfaces, no bacterial growth was observed after the application of UV-C light, showing 100% bacterial inactivation under the tested conditions. Conclusion The use of fixed UV-C light emission technology was effective and can be considered a promising intervention for hospital surface disinfection protocols.

IST Nurse®: development and validity evidence of a mobile application as a support for the clinical management of Sexually Transmitted Infections / IST Nurse ®: elaboração e evidências de validade de aplicativo móvel como subsídio ao manejo clínico de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis / IST Nurse ®: desarrollo y evidencias de validez de una aplicación móvil como apoyo al manejo clínico de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual

Abstract Objective: to develop and evaluate the validity evidence of a mobile application to support nurses in the clinical management of sexually transmitted infections. Method: methodological study conducted in four steps: analysis and definition of requirements; content definition; computational representation with system design; and coding with testing and refinement. In the first steps, nurses with expertise in the subject participated, and in the last, professionals with education in information and communication technology. Data analysis was performed by calculating the Content Validity Index (CVI), considering the minimum agreement value of 0.78. To confirm the viability of the CVI, the binomial test was used through the R software. Variables with p > 0.05 indicated agreement between the judges. Results: the CVI was 0.98 for content, 1.0 for usability and 0.85 for functional performance, showing that the developed application has high validity. Conclusion: it is believed that the IST Nurse® application represents an important technological tool in strengthening evidence-based nursing care. Intervention studies are therefore suggested.

Resumo Objetivo: elaborar e avaliar as evidências de validade de um aplicativo móvel para subsidiar o enfermeiro no manejo clínico de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Método: estudo metodológico conduzido em quatro etapas: análise e definição de requisitos; definição do conteúdo; representação computacional com projeto do sistema; e codificação com testes e refinamento. Nas primeiras etapas participaram enfermeiros com expertise na temática, e na última, profissionais com formação em tecnologia da informação e comunicação. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do cálculo do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC), sendo considerado o valor de concordância mínimo de 0,78. Para confirmar a viabilidade do IVC, utilizou-se o teste binomial por meio do software R. As variáveis com p > 0,05 indicaram haver concordância entre os juízes. Resultados: o IVC foi de 0,98 para conteúdo, 1,0 para usabilidade e 0,85 para desempenho funcional, evidenciando que o aplicativo elaborado apresenta alta validade. Conclusão: o aplicativo IST Nurse ® representa uma importante ferramenta tecnológica no fortalecimento do cuidado de enfermagem baseado em evidências. Sugere-se, portanto, estudos de intervenção.

Resumen Objetivo: desarrollar y evaluar evidencias de validez para una aplicación móvil para apoyar al enfermero en el manejo clínico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Método: estudio metodológico realizado en cuatro etapas: análisis y definición de requisitos; definición de contenido; representación computacional con diseño del sistema; y codificación con pruebas y refinamiento. En las primeras etapas participaron enfermeros con experiencia en el tema y en la última, profesionales con formación en tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el cálculo del Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC), considerando el valor mínimo de acuerdo de 0,78. Para confirmar la viabilidad del IVC se utilizó la prueba binomial mediante el software R. Las variables con p > 0,05 indicaron acuerdo entre los expertos. Resultados: el IVC fue de 0,98 para contenido, 1,0 para usabilidad y 0,85 para desempeño funcional, mostrando que la aplicación desarrollada tiene alta validez. Conclusión: se cree que la aplicación IST Nurse ® representa una importante herramienta tecnológica para fortalecer el cuidado de enfermería basado en evidencias. Por lo tanto, se sugieren estudios de intervención.

Tecnologias educacionais direcionadas ao aleitamento materno produzidas na pós-graduação em enfermagem brasileira / Educational technologies directed to breastfeeding produced in brazilian nursing graduate / Tecnologías educativas orientadas a la lactancia materna producidas en programas de posgrado en enfermería brasileños

Objetivo: Conhecer as tecnologias educacionais voltadas à prática do aleitamento materno desenvolvidas por enfermeiros. Método: Revisão Integrativa realizada nas bases de dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, em dezembro de 2021. Inicialmente foram identificados 313 trabalhos, após aplicados critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados 13 estudos para a amostra. Resultados: Verificou-se as seguintes tecnologias: álbum seriado, iconografia 3D, rádio, telefone, literatura de cordel, websites e simuladores realísticos de baixa fidelidade. Os estudos visaram desenvolver, avaliar ou validar tecnologias educacionais voltadas para o aleitamento materno no que diz respeito aos benefícios quando se trata do manejo correto. Conclusão: As tecnologias educacionais têm sido alvo no desenvolvimento de pesquisas em Enfermagem, contribuindo para a promoção do aleitamento materno, beneficiando mães e bebês e dinamizando o processo de cuidar.

Objective: To learn about educational technologies related to breastfeeding practice. Methods: Integrative Review conducted in the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) databases, from December 2019 to December 2021. Initially, 313 studies were identified, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies were selected for the sample. Results: The following technologies were verified: serialized album, 3D iconography, radio, telephone, string literature, websites, and low fidelity realistic simulators. The studies aimed to develop, evaluate, or validate educational technologies focused on breastfeeding with regard to the benefits when it comes to the correct management. Conclusion: Educational technologies have been a target in the development of nursing research, contributing to the promotion of breastfeeding, benefiting mothers and babies and streamlining the care process.

Objetivo: Conocer las tecnologías educativas orientadas a la práctica de la lactancia materna. Métodos: revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos Coordinación para el Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Educación Superior (CAPES) y la Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones (BDTD), desde diciembre de 2019 hasta diciembre de 2021. Inicialmente se identificaron 313 estudios, luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 13 estudios para la muestra. Resultados: se verificaron las siguientes tecnologías: álbum en serie, iconografía 3D, radio, teléfono, literatura de cuerdas, sitios web y simuladores realistas de baja fidelidad. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo desarrollar, evaluar o validar tecnologías educativas orientadas a la lactancia materna en cuanto a beneficios en cuanto a un correcto manejo se refiere. Conclusión: Las tecnologías educativas han sido un objetivo en el desarrollo de la investigación en enfermería, contribuyendo a la promoción de la lactancia materna, beneficiando a madres y bebés y agilizando el proceso de atención.

RdJ detection tests to identify a unique MRSA clone of ST105-SCCmecII lineage and its variants disseminated in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.

Hospital bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is frequently related to invasive procedures and medically complex patients. An important feature of MRSA is the clonal structure of its population. Specific MRSA clones may differ in their pathogenic, epidemiological, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Whole-genome sequencing is currently the most robust and discriminatory technique for tracking hypervirulent/well-adapted MRSA clones. However, it remains an expensive and time-consuming technique that requires specialized personnel. In this work, we describe a pangenome protocol, based on binary matrix (1,0) of open reading frames (ORFs), that can be used to quickly find diagnostic, apomorphic sequence mutations that can serve as biomarkers. We use this technique to create a diagnostic screen for MRSA isolates circulating in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the RdJ clone, which is prevalent in BSI. The method described here has 100% specificity and sensitivity, eliminating the need to use genomic sequencing for clonal identification. The protocol used is relatively simple and all the steps, formulas and commands used are described in this work, such that this strategy can also be used to identify other MRSA clones and even clones from other bacterial species.

Therapeutic Potential of Punica granatum and Isolated Compounds: Evidence-Based Advances to Treat Bacterial Infections.

Punica granatum Linn has been known for its nutritional and medicinal value since ancient times and is used in the treatment of various pathologies owing to its antibacterial properties. This review reports the results of the most recent studies on the antibacterial effects of P. granatum and its isolated compounds on bacteria of clinical interest. A search in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) databases was performed, which included articles that evaluated the antibacterial activity of P. granatum extracts and excluded articles that analyzed other microorganisms or nonpathogenic bacteria, as well as theses, dissertations, duplicate articles, and those not fully available. The literature suggests that P. granatum extracts can act on bacteria, such as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, fruit peel was the most commonly used pharmacogen and methanol, ethanol, and water were the most common solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The antibacterial potential of the methanolic extract of pomegranate peel could be attributed to the presence of active compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, punicic acid, gallic acid, and punicalagin. Thus, there is evidence that these plant extracts, having high polyphenol content, can disrupt the bacterial plasma membrane and inhibit the action of proteins related to antimicrobial resistance. P. granatum shows antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with great potential against multidrug-resistant strains. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism of action related to this biological activity and investigate the isolated substances that may be responsible for the antibacterial effects.

Estratégias utilizadas por enfermeiros da atenção primária na prevenção do câncer de colo do útero: revisão integrativa / Strategies used by primary care nurses in the prevention of cervical cancer: integrative review

Objetivo: identificar, na literatura científica, as estratégias utilizadas por enfermeiros da Atenção Primária para a prevenção do câncer de colo do útero. Métodos: revisão integrativa nas bases de dados EMBASE, LILACS (BVS), SCOPUS e Web of Science, entre março e abril de 2023. Após a busca, seguiu-se com leitura na íntegra dos artigos selecionados e extração dos dados para análise. A amostra final foi constituída por 5 estudos. Resultados: as principais estratégias utilizadas foram intervenções educativas, com predominância de palestras e posterior convite ou coleta de material para a realização do exame preventivo. Também foram utilizadas rodas de conversa (círculo de cultura), orientações por contato telefônico e oferta de ficha clínica auto preenchível na consulta de enfermagem. Conclusões: os estudos possibilitaram identificar estratégias positivas na prevenção do câncer de colo do útero, podendo direcionar enfermeiros a investir cada vez mais em metodologias voltadas a uma maior autonomia das mulheres

Objective: to identify, in the scientific literature, the strategies used by primary care nurses to prevent cervical cancer. Methods: An integrative review of the EMBASE, LILACS (BVS), SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases between March and April 2023. After the search, the selected articles were read in full, and the data were extracted for analysis. The final sample consisted of 5 studies. Results: the main strategies used were educational interventions, with a predominance of lectures and subsequent invitations or collection of material to carry out the preventive exam. Conversation circles (culture circles), telephone guidance, and the provision of a self-completed clinical form during the nursing consultation were also used. Conclusions: the studies made it possible to identify positive strategies for preventing cervical cancer, which could direct nurses to increasingly invest in methodologies aimed at increasing women's autonomy

Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women with HIV/syphilis coinfection: an integrative review / Características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes com coinfecção HIV/sífilis: revisão integrativa / Características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes con coinfección VIH/sífilis: revisión integrativa

Background and Objectives: HIV/syphilis coinfection is an important problem to be considered during pregnancy due to the various negative outcomes such as abortion, stillbirth, prematurity and congenital infections. The study is justified by the need to identify scientific evidence of clinical-epidemiological characteristics and vulnerabilities related to infections, factors that influence the prevalence, and if there are related health problems. The objective was to synthesize scientific evidence about sociodemographic characteristics and clinical manifestations of associated cases of syphilis and HIV. Content: this is an integrative literature review, searching the PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF and MedCarib databases, using the descriptors "HIV", "Syphilis", "Epidemiology", "Coinfection" and "Pregnant woman", combined by Boolean operators "AND" and "OR", guided by the question: what is the scientific evidence related to the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women co-infected with HIV/syphilis? It was held from June to September 2022, including articles published in the last eight years. Nine primary articles published between 2015 and 2020 were selected. The association of infections was present in pregnant women of young adult age, non-white race/color, married, low level of education, housewives, residents of urban areas and belonging to more economically disadvantaged social classes. Conclusion: the study highlighted the importance of improving prenatal care, with the aim of reducing the risks of vertical transmission of these diseases, especially with the implementation of public policies aimed at the clinical management of co-infected pregnant women, the allocation of resources and the development of specific intervention protocols.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A coinfecção HIV/sífilis é um problema importante a ser considerado durante a gravidez devido aos diversos desfechos negativos como aborto, natimorto, prematuridade e infecções congênitas. O estudo justifica-se pela necessidade de identificar evidências científicas de características clínico-epidemiológicas e vulnerabilidades relacionadas às infecções, fatores que influenciam a prevalência e se há problemas de saúde relacionados. O objetivo foi sintetizar evidências científicas sobre características sociodemográficas e manifestações clínicas de casos associados de sífilis e HIV. Conteúdo: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF e MedCarib, utilizando os descritores "HIV", "Syphilis", "Epidemiology", "Coinfection" e "Pregnant woman", combinados por Operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR", norteados pela questão: quais as evidências científicas relacionadas às características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes coinfectadas com HIV/sífilis? Foi realizado de junho a setembro de 2022, incluindo artigos publicados nos últimos oito anos. Foram selecionados nove artigos primários publicados entre 2015 e 2020. A associação das infecções esteve presente em gestantes em idade adulta jovem, raça/cor não branca, casadas, baixa escolaridade, donas de casa, residentes em zona urbana e pertencentes a classes sociais mais desfavorecidas economicamente. Conclusão: o estudo destacou a importância da melhoria da assistência pré-natal, com o objetivo de reduzir os riscos de transmissão vertical dessas doenças, especialmente com a implementação de políticas públicas voltadas ao manejo clínico das gestantes coinfectadas, à alocação de recursos e o desenvolvimento de protocolos de intervenção específicos.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: La coinfección VIH/sífilis es un problema importante a considerar durante el embarazo debido a los diversos resultados negativos como aborto, muerte fetal, prematuridad e infecciones congénitas. El estudio se justifica por la necesidad de identificar evidencia científica de características clínico-epidemiológicas y vulnerabilidades relacionadas con las infecciones, factores que influyen en la prevalencia y si existen problemas de salud relacionados. El objetivo fue sintetizar evidencia científica sobre las características sociodemográficas y manifestaciones clínicas de los casos asociados de sífilis y VIH. Contenido: se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, buscando en las bases de datos PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF y MedCarib, utilizando los descriptores "VIH", "Sífilis", "Epidemiología", "Coinfección" y "Mujer embarazada", combinados por Operadores booleanos "Y" y "O", guiados por la pregunta: ¿cuál es la evidencia científica relacionada con las características clínico- -epidemiológicas de las gestantes coinfectadas con VIH/sífilis? Se realizó de junio a septiembre de 2022, incluyendo artículos publicados en los últimos ocho años. Se seleccionaron nueve artículos primarios publicados entre 2015 y 2020. La asociación de infecciones estuvo presente en mujeres embarazadas de edad adulta joven, de raza/color no blanca, casadas, de bajo nivel educativo, amas de casa, residentes de áreas urbanas y pertenecientes a clases sociales más desfavorecidas económicamente. Conclusión: el estudio destacó la importancia de mejorar la atención prenatal, con el objetivo de reducir los riesgos de transmisión vertical de estas enfermedades, especialmente con la implementación de políticas públicas orientadas al manejo clínico de las gestantes coinfectadas, la asignación de recursos y el desarrollo de protocolos de intervención específicos.(AU)

Diclofenac, ibuprofen, and paracetamol biodegradation: overconsumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatories drugs at COVID-19 pandemic.

The consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have increased significantly in the last years (2020-2022), especially for patients in COVID-19 treatment. NSAIDs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, and paracetamol are often available without restrictions, being employed without medical supervision for basic symptoms of inflammatory processes. Furthermore, these compounds are increasingly present in nature constituting complex mixtures discarded at domestic and hospital sewage/wastewater. Therefore, this review emphasizes the biodegradation of diclofenac, ibuprofen, and paracetamol by pure cultures or consortia of fungi and bacteria at in vitro, in situ, and ex situ processes. Considering the influence of different factors (inoculum dose, pH, temperature, co-factors, reaction time, and microbial isolation medium) relevant for the identification of highly efficient alternatives for pharmaceuticals decontamination, since biologically active micropollutants became a worldwide issue that should be carefully addressed. In addition, we present a quantitative bibliometric survey, which reinforces that the consumption of these drugs and consequently their impact on the environment goes beyond the epidemiological control of COVID-19.

Copper-Contaminated Substrate Biosorption by Penicillium sp. Isolated from Kefir Grains.

In this bioremediation study, the fungus Penicillium sp. isolated from kefir grains was evaluated for its resistance to copper in the culture medium. Penicillium sp. was cultivated in liquid medium prepared using 2% malt-agar at pH 7.0. Biomass of the fungus was significantly reduced, but only when 800 mg·L-1 of Cu(NO3)2 copper nitrate was used. The effect on radial growth of the fungus in experiments combining different pH values and the inorganic contaminant showed an inhibition of 73% at pH 4.0, 75% at pH 7.0 and 77% at pH 9.0 in liquid medium. Thus, even though the growth of Penicillium sp. could be inhibited with relatively high doses of copper nitrate, images obtained with scanning electron microscopy showed the preservation of fungal cell integrity. Therefore, it can be concluded that Penicillium sp. isolated from kefir grains can survive while performing bioremediation to minimize the negative effects of copper on the environment through biosorption.