RESUMO
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system and plays an important role in homeostasis and maintenance of blood pressure. However, little is known about allele and genotypic frequencies, as well as phenotypic characteristics associated with ACE polymorphism genotypes in South American populations. This study aimed to verify the allelic predominance and genotype frequency of ACE I/D polymorphism in South America and its association with the main diseases and related conditions. We conducted a systematic review considering studies published in the last 25 years available in PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, LIPECS, Coleciona SUS, CUMED, BINACIS, IBECS, and MEDLINE databases, resulting in the inclusion of 121 studies. Quality of the studies was assessed according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) guidelines. We mapped the frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South American populations. 8,856 (32.1%) subjects were DD, 13,050 were ID (47.4%), and 5,644 were II (20.5%) carriers. The main associated conditions included systemic arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions, cardiorespiratory or respiratory characteristics, physical activity level, kidney conditions, aging-related diseases, as well as different types of cancers and metabolic conditions. 61.1% of the studies found no significant association between the respective conditions investigated and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Considering DD genotype or D allele, 21.5% of the studies observed negative and 4.9% positive outcomes. Regarding ID genotype, 4.1% of the studies identified negative and 0.8% positive outcomes, and for II genotype or I allele, 4.1% of the results had negative and 10.7% positive associations.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The influence of genetic polymorphisms on athletic performance has been widely explored. This study investigated the interactions between the polymorphisms ACTN3 (R577X), ACE (I/D), BDKRB2 (-9/+9), and AGT (M/T) and their association with endurance and strength phenotypes in Brazilian swimmers. METHODS: 123 athletes (aged 20-30 years) and 718 controls participated in the study. The athletes were divided into elite and sub-elite (N = 19 and 104, respectively) and strength and endurance experts (N = 98 and 25, respectively). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in all groups. RESULTS: Considering the ACE polymorphism, it was observed a higher frequency of the DD genotype than expected in the strength experts of the elite group, whereas the strength experts sub-elite athletes had a higher frequency of the ID genotype (χ2 = 8.17; p = 0.01). Subjects with XX genotypes of ACTN3 are more likely to belong to the athlete group when compared to the control group (OR = 1.79, p = 0.04). The DD homozygotes of the ACE are more likely to belong to the elite group with strength phenotypes than the group of sub-elite (OR = 7.96, p = 0.01) and elite strength experts compared to elite endurance (OR = 18.0, p = 0.03). However, no significant differences were observed in the allelic distribution of the polymorphisms evaluated when comparing Elite, sub-elite athletes and controls. CONCLUSION: ACE and ACTN3 allele frequencies should be considered with regard to performance influencing factors in Brazilian swimmers.
RESUMO
In experimental nociception models, there is an increase in the glutamate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and a decrease in its levels in analgesic treatments. For the determination of glutamate in CSF, an analytical UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated. The measurements on the UV-vis spectrophotometer were performed after the derivatization reaction of the neurotransmitter, when reading in the ultraviolet (UV) region, at the maximum absorption wavelength of 265â¯nm. The technique presented excellent linearity, as well as good intraday and interday precision, with coefficients of variation less than 15 %, and a correlation coefficient close to 1.0 (lower dispersion of the experimental set points and lower uncertainty of the estimated regression coefficients). The analytical conditions that were established by the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method demonstrated selectivity, linearity, precision, specificity, robustness, and accuracy. This is suitable for the quantitative determination of glutamate in the CSF. The technique developed by UV-vis spectrophotometry for glutamate dosing was fast, efficient, easy to perform, and more economically accessible when compared to current standard techniques. When comparing the data obtained in this study with the results of the official methodology, in which HPLC and spectrofluorimetry were used, it was observed that the closest values of glutamate release occurred between the spectrofluorimeter and the UV-vis spectrophotometer. The UV-vis spectrophotometry method for the determination of CSF glutamate has been shown to be accurate, reproducible, and satisfactory, making it an extremely advantageous and a viable alternative for the determination of amino acid glutamate.
