Saccharomyces boulardii Tht 500101 changes gut microbiota and ameliorates hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and liver inflammation in streptozotocin-diabetic mice.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a disorder resulting from chronic autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic ß-cells, lack of insulin production and hyperglycaemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that streptozotocin-diabetic mice treated with Saccharomyces boulardii THT 500101 strain present improvement of glucose and triglycerides metabolism, reduction of liver inflammation concomitant with a beneficial impact in the gut microbiota profile. C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned into three groups: Control, Diabetes, Diabetes+Probiotic, and were euthanised 8 weeks after probiotic chronic administration. Mice submitted to treatment presented reduced glycemia in comparison with the diabetic group, which was correlated with an increase in C-peptide level and in hepatic glycogen content. Fat metabolism was significantly altered in streptozotocin-induced diabetic group, and S. boulardii treatment regulated it, leading to a decrease in serum triglycerides secretion, increase in hepatic triglycerides storage and modulation of inflammatory profile. The phenotypic changes seen from chronic S. boulardii treatment were found to be broadly associated with the changes in microbioma of diabetic animals, with increased proportion in Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Deferribacteres, and a decreased proportion of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phylum. Thus, the data presented here show up a novel potential therapeutic role of S. boulardii for the treatment and attenuation of diabetes-induced complications.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of biliary reconstruction techniques in orthotopic deceased donor liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Biliary complications remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in liver transplantation and the biliary anastomosis technique could increase this risk. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of biliary reconstruction techniques in orthotopic liver transplantation on the incidence of biliary complications. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis using the Medline-PubMed, EMBASE, Scielo-LILACS, and Cochrane Databases were performed comparing biliary reconstruction techniques in liver transplantation with regard to the occurrence of biliary complications. Number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated at a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Fifty-seven articles were selected (3 randomized clinical trials, 6 clinical trials, and 48 historical cohort studies). There was a lower risk for biliary complications (NNT = 6) using end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy (EECC) without drainage compared with EECC with drainage. The biliary complication risk was lower (NNT = 4) for side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy (SSCC) with drainage compared with SSCC without drainage. No difference was found between EECC without drainage and SSCC with drainage. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, considering the highest level of evidence available in the literature, we suggest that biliary reconstruction in liver transplantation should be performed using EECC or SSCC, without drainage in the former, and with drainage in the latter.

Prevalence of primary drug resistance-associated mutations among HIV type 1 vertically Infected children in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

In the past few years there has been increasing concern about the transmission of drug-resistant HIV. This study aimed to describe the frequency of primary mutations associated with HIV-1 drug resistance and the prevalence of genetic HIV subtypes in a population of vertically infected children before the initiation of HAART. At the time of genotypic testing, the median age was 6.0 years (IQR 25-75%: 3.8-9.2) and the median age at admission was 3.84 years (IQR 25-75%: 1.23-6.11). Antepartum maternal ARV exposure for PMTCT occurred for three (7.3%) mothers. According to the WHO criteria, primary ARV resistance mutations were detected in four out of 41 (9.8%) children. Subtype B was the most prevalent (63.4%). The relatively high prevalence of primary HIV-1 DRMs in this cohort of perinatally infected children in Brazil supports the local recommendation to perform resistance testing in all newly diagnosed children, regardless of age at diagnosis and antenatal ARV exposure.

[Knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding occupational risk of exposure to HIV among medical students at the Medical School of the Federal University of Minas Gerais]. / Conhecimento, atitudes e comportamentos frente ao risco ocupacional de exposição ao HIV entre estudantes de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occupational risk of medical students, their knowledge and practice of universal biosafety measures and hepatitis B immunization coverage. A specific questionnaire was applied to 136 medical students of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: 87 (64%) students were involved in surgical procedures, 68 (50%) had been exposed to blood, 90 (66.2%) knew the universal biosafety measures and 33 (24.3%) knew the procedure in case of blood exposure. Thus, this population has a high risk of blood exposure and although there is a low formal knowledge about universal biosafety measures, most of these were generally used. New strategies, such as formal teaching of universal biosafety measures, in loco supervision, and biosafety teams, are necessary to change this situation.