Effects of resistance training and estrogen replacement on adipose tissue inflammation in ovariectomized rats.

Estrogen deficiency is directly related to central obesity and low-grade inflammation. Hormonal replacement and exercise training are both able to decrease fat accumulation and inflammation in postmenopausal women. However, the efficiency of resistance training (RT) and estrogen replacement (ER) in minimizing adiposity and inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of ovariectomized (OVX) rats has not yet been elucidated. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following 6 groups: sham-operated sedentary (Sham-Sed), OVX-Sed, Sham-RT, OVX-RT, OVX-Sed-ER, and OVX-RT-ER groups. ER was performed by implanting silastic capsules containing 17ß-estradiol. For RT, the animals were required to climb a 1.1-m vertical ladder with conical flasks containing weights attached to their tails for 12 weeks. Histological analyses were used to evaluate morphological changes. Gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and protein concentrations were determined using Multiplex/Luminex assays. Ovariectomy increased the body mass (BM), adipocyte area, and inflammation in the VAT, the latter of which was indicated by reduced interleukin-10 (48%) and increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration (∼3%). RT efficiently decreased BM, adipocyte area, and inflammation in the OVX groups. The combination of RT and ER decreased BM (19%) and the TNF-α concentration (18%) and increased the gene and protein expression levels of adiponectin (173% and 18%). These results indicate that RT and the combination of RT and ER are efficient strategies for reducing the BM and improving the inflammatory status of OVX rats.

Ingestão alimentar e excesso de adiposidade de mulheres sedentárias / Food intake and excess of adiposity in healthy women

Introdução: O índice de massa corporal (IMC) é um parâmetro antropométrico bastante utilizado para definição do estado nutricional de populações. No entanto, este parâmetro não avalia a adiposidade. O aumento da adiposidade em mulheres sedentárias é bastante prevalente e associado às doenças crônico-degenerativas. A qualidade da alimentação e o valor calórico total consumido inadequado pode favorecer o maior acúmulo de tecido adiposo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o perfil antropométrico e ingestão alimentar de mulheres sedentárias eutróficas. Método: Foi realizada avaliação de peso, altura e dobras cutâneas e aplicado nove R24h de 16 mulheres. Resultados: A idade média das voluntárias foi de 39,5±3,6. A massa corporal total foi 61,88 kg (±6,90). Segundo o IMC, as voluntárias foram classificadas como normais (22,8 kg/ m2±1,89), porém foi observado um elevado conteúdo de massa gorda (31,74%±4,04). O consumo calórico médio foi de 1679,33 kcal±225,48, houve consumo de 27,13 kcal/kg peso corporal. Os valores de consumo de macronutrientes por kg/peso corporal foram 3,5 g de carboidrato/ kg, 1,19 g de proteína/kg e 0,96 g de lipídios/kg. Conforme já descrito em outros trabalhos, os resultados obtidos referentes ao perfil alimentar associado ao excesso de adiposidade são fatores associados ao risco aumentado a doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. Conclusões: A dieta consumida, baseada nos nove registros alimentares coletados de cada voluntária, é hipocalórica, hiperproteíca, hiperlipídica e normoglícidica. As mulheres apresentam excesso de adiposidade, porém possuem IMC dentro da normalidade. Isso corrobora com o fato de que um parâmetro antropométrico isolado é insuficiente para avaliação do estado nutricional.(AU)

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is an anthropometric parameter commonly used to define the nutritional status of populations. However, this parameter does not evaluate adiposity. Increased adiposity in sedentary women is highly prevalent and is associated with chronic diseases. The quality of food and the total calories consumed inappropriate value may favor greater accumulation of adipose tissue. To investigate the anthropometric profile and food intake of sedentary women eutrophic. Methods: Anthropometric and applicated nine R24h were performed to estimate the nutritional intake of 16 women. Results: The mean age of the volunteers was 39.5±3.6. Total body mass was 61 kg average (±6.90). According to BMI subjects were classified as normal (22.8 kg/m2±1,89), but it was observed a high body fat content (31.74%±4.04). The average water content measured was 47.06% (±4.29). The average calorie consumption was 1679 kcal±225 there was consumption 27,13 kcal/kg body weight. Carbohydrate consumption, protein and lipids was 54.48% (±4.35), 17.67% (±2.75) and 31.05% (±4.58) of the total caloric value. The consumption values of nutrients per kg/body weight was 3.5 g carbohydrate/kg 1.19 g protein/kg lipid and 0.96 g/kg. The results for the food profile associated with the risk of obesity are factors associated with increased risk to non-communicable diseases. Conclusion: The diet of women proved to be inadequate in macro and micronutrients. The profile of the diet consumed, was low-calorie, high protein, high fat and normoglícidica. Women have excess body fat, but have BMI within the normal range. This fact contributes to the previously presented an isolated anthropometric parameter is insufficient to assess nutritional status.(AU)

Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the rat liver.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the livers of ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 8 per group): sham-operated sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-operated resistance training, and ovariectomized resistance training. During the resistance training period, the animals climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails; the sessions were conducted 3 times per week, with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per climb. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the levels of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E concentrations, and the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase. RESULTS: The results showed significant reductions in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (4.11±0.65 nmol/g tec), vitamin E concentration (55.36±11.11 nmol/g), and gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (0.49±0.16 arbitrary units) in the livers of ovariectomized rats compared with the livers of unovariectomized animals (5.71±0.71 nmol/g tec, 100.14±10.99 nmol/g, and 1.09±0.54 arbitrary units, respectively). Moreover, resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to reduce the oxidative stress in the livers of ovariectomized rats and induced negative changes in the hepatic anti-oxidative/oxidative balance. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study was not able to attenuate the hepatic oxidative damage caused by ovariectomy and increased the hepatic oxidative stress.

Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the rat liver

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the livers of ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 8 per group): sham-operated sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-operated resistance training, and ovariectomized resistance training. During the resistance training period, the animals climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails; the sessions were conducted 3 times per week, with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per climb. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the levels of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E concentrations, and the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase. RESULTS: The results showed significant reductions in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (4.11±0.65 nmol/g tec), vitamin E concentration (55.36±11.11 nmol/g), and gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (0.49±0.16 arbitrary units) in the livers of ovariectomized rats compared with the livers of unovariectomized animals (5.71±0.71 nmol/g tec, 100.14±10.99 nmol/g, and 1.09±0.54 arbitrary units, respectively). Moreover, resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to reduce the oxidative stress in the livers of ovariectomized rats and induced negative changes in the hepatic anti-oxidative/oxidative balance. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study was not able to attenuate the hepatic oxidative damage caused by ovariectomy and increased the hepatic oxidative stress. .

Circuit resistance training in sedentary women: body composition and serum cytokine levels.

Exercise can generate alterations in body composition and modulate the immune system. The objective of this study was to verify whether a circuit resistance training (CRT) protocol can increase lean body mass (LM), and reduce fat body mass (FM) and the percent of FM (%FM) of sedentary women, without inducing inflammatory responses, indicated by serum cytokine levels. The initial hypothesis was that CRT would improve body composition, without changing serum cytokine levels. The study consisted of 14 healthy, sedentary women, aged 33-45 years (mean +/- SD, 40.23 +/- 3.98 years), with a normal body mass index. They participated in 3 sessions per week of CRT, which included 2 rounds in 9 stations with 1 set of 8-12 repetition maximum at each station, for 10 weeks. During the 10-week CRT period, participants maintained their pretraining nutritional standard. Body composition was analysed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry both pre- and post-training. Blood samples were collected after 96 h of rest pre- and post-training, and 5 min, 24 h, and 48 h after the second and last training sessions to measure serum cytokine levels by flow cytometry. The nutritional standard was accompanied throughout the study period with 24-h dietary recall. Increases in LM (35.937 +/- 4.926 to 39.130 +/- 4.950 kg) and decreases in FM (21.911 +/- 8.150 to 17.824 +/- 4.235 kg) and %FM (37.10 +/- 10.84 to 31.19 +/- 6.06), without concurrent changes in serum cytokine levels, and in the nutritional standard (alpha = 0.05). The proposed CRT improved body composition and did not induce any changes in serum cytokine levels characteristic of the inflammatory response in women.