A Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedure to Harvest Palate Periosteum as a Source of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering.

The aim of this study is to validate a minimally invasive surgical procedure to harvest palate periosteum as a source of tissue for mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. We performed a standardized procedure to harvest the palate periosteum in ten subjects, which consisted of a 3 mm disposable punch and a Molt periosteal elevator to harvest a small full-thickness fragment of soft tissue at the hard palate area, between the upper bicuspids, 3 to 4 mm apical to the cement enamel junction. The one-third inner portion was fragmented, and following standard cell culture procedures, the adherent cells were cultured for three passages, after obtaining 70-90% confluence. Cell morphology analysis, flow cytometry analysis, and viability and osteogenic differentiation assays were performed. In all 10 cases, uneventful healing was observed, with no need for analgesic intake. The evaluation of cell morphology showed elongated spindle-shaped cells distributed in woven patterns. A high viability range was verified as well as an immunophenotype compatible with mesenchymal stem cell lineage. The differentiation assay showed the potential of the cells to differentiate into the osteogenic lineage. These results demonstrate that the minimally invasive proposed surgical technique is capable of supplying enough periosteum source tissue for stem cell culture and bone tissue engineering.

Conditioned Media from Human Pulp Stem Cell Cultures Improve Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Critical-Size Defects.

The aim of this study was to test whether lyophilized conditioned media from human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell cultures promote the healing of critical-size defects created in the calvaria of rats. Prior to the surgical procedure, the medium in which dental pulp stem cells were cultured was frozen and lyophilized. After general anesthesia, an 8 mm diameter bone defect was created in the calvaria of twenty-four rats. The defects were filled with the following materials: xenograft alone (G1) or xenograft associated with lyophilized conditioned medium (G2). After 14 or 42 days, the animals were euthanized, and the specimens processed for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Bone formation at the center of the defect was observed only in the G2 at 42 days. At both timepoints, increased staining for VEGF, a marker for angiogenesis, was observed in G2. Consistent with this, at 14 days, G2 also had a higher number of blood vessels detected by immunostaining with an anti-CD34 antibody. In conclusion, conditioned media from human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell cultures had a positive effect on the regenerative process in rat critical-size bone defects. Both the formation of bone and enhancement of vascularization were stimulated by the conditioned media.

In Vivo Evaluation of Collagen and Chitosan Scaffold, Associated or Not with Stem Cells, in Bone Repair.

Natural polymers are increasingly being used in tissue engineering due to their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix and to act as a scaffold for cell growth, as well as their possible combination with other osteogenic factors, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from dental pulp, in an attempt to enhance bone regeneration during the healing of a bone defect. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the repair of mandibular defects filled with a new collagen/chitosan scaffold, seeded or not with MSCs derived from dental pulp. Twenty-eight rats were submitted to surgery for creation of a defect in the right mandibular ramus and divided into the following groups: G1 (control group; mandibular defect with clot); G2 (defect filled with dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells-DPSCs); G3 (defect filled with collagen/chitosan scaffold); and G4 (collagen/chitosan scaffold seeded with DPSCs). The analysis of the scaffold microstructure showed a homogenous material with an adequate percentage of porosity. Macroscopic and radiological examination of the defect area after 6 weeks post-surgery revealed the absence of complete repair, as well as absence of signs of infection, which could indicate rejection of the implants. Histomorphometric analysis of the mandibular defect area showed that bone formation occurred in a centripetal fashion, starting from the borders and progressing towards the center of the defect in all groups. Lower bone formation was observed in G1 when compared to the other groups and G2 exhibited greater osteoregenerative capacity, followed by G4 and G3. In conclusion, the scaffold used showed osteoconductivity, no foreign body reaction, malleability and ease of manipulation, but did not obtain promising results for association with DPSCs.

A scoping review of graphene-based biomaterials for in vivo bone tissue engineering.

The growing demand for more efficient materials for medical applications brought together two previously distinct fields: medicine and engineering. Regenerative medicine has evolved with the engineering contributions to improve materials and devices for medical use. In this regard, graphene is one of the most promising materials for bone tissue engineering and its potential for bone repair has been studied by several research groups. The aim of this study is to conduct a scoping review including articles published in the last 12 years (from 2010 to 2022) that have used graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide and reduced graphene) in preclinical studies for bone tissue regeneration, searching in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and clinicaltrials.gov (to confirm no study has started with clinical trial). Boolean searches were performed using the defined key words "bone" and "graphene", and manuscript abstracts were uploaded to Rayyan, a web-tool for systematic and scoping reviews. This scoping review was conducted based on Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Scoping Reviews and the report follows the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. After the search protocol and application of the inclusion criteria, 77 studies were selected and evaluated by five blinded researchers. Most of the selected studies used composite materials associated with graphene and its derivatives to natural and synthetic polymers, bioglass, and others. Although a variety of graphene materials were analyzed in these studies, they all concluded that graphene, its derivatives, and its composites improve bone repair processes by increasing osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, new bone formation, and angiogenesis. Thus, this systematic review opens up new opportunities for the development of novel strategies for bone tissue engineering with graphene.

Pulp-Dentin Complex Regeneration with Cell Transplantation Technique Using Stem Cells Derived from Human Deciduous Teeth: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study in Immunosuppressed Rats.

The aim of this study was to histologically verify the performance of pulp-derived stem cells used in the pulp-dentin complex regeneration. Maxillary molars of 12 immunosuppressed rats were divided into two groups: the SC (stem cells) group, and the PBS (just standard phosphate-buffered saline) group. After pulpectomy and canal preparation, the teeth received the designated materials, and the cavities were sealed. After 12 weeks, the animals were euthanized, and the specimens underwent histological processing and qualitative evaluation of intracanal connective tissue, odontoblast-like cells, intracanal mineralized tissue, and periapical inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed to detect dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1). In the PBS group, an amorphous substance and remnants of mineralized tissue were observed throughout the canal, and abundant inflammatory cells were observed in the periapical region. In the SC group, an amorphous substance and remnants of mineralized tissue were observed throughout the canal; odontoblasts-like cells immunopositive for DMP1 and mineral plug were observed in the apical region of the canal; and a mild inflammatory infiltrate, intense vascularization, and neoformation of organized connective tissue were observed in the periapical region. In conclusion, the transplantation of human pulp stem cells promoted partial pulp tissue neoformation in adult rat molars.

Cell-Friendly Chitosan-Xanthan Gum Membranes Incorporating Hydroxyapatite Designed for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration.

In this work, a simple method was proposed to produce dense composite polysaccharide-based membranes to be used for guided tissue and guided bone regeneration. The mucoadhesive polysaccharides chitosan (C) and xanthan gum (X) were used to produce polyelectrolyte-based complex membranes. Hydroxyapatite (HA) was added to the formulation as a potential drug carrier, in C:X:HA mass proportions equal to 1:1:0.4, 1:1:2, and 1:1:10, and also to improve membranes bioactivity and biomimetic properties. FTIR analysis indicated successful incorporation of HA in the membranes and XRD analysis showed that no changes in the HA crystalline structure were observed after incorporation. The residual mass evaluated by TGA was higher for the formulation produced at the proportion 1:1:10. The membranes produced showed asymmetrical surfaces, with distinct roughness. Increasing the HA concentration increased the surface roughness. Greater in vitro proliferation of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells was observed on the surface of the membrane with 1:1:10 C:X:HA proportion. However, the 1:1:2 formulation showed the most adequate balance of mechanical and biological properties. These results suggest that adding HA to the membranes can influence mechanical parameters as well as cell adhesion and proliferation, supporting the potential application of these materials in regenerative techniques and the treatment of periodontal lesions.

Perspectivas sobre as mulheres no campo do futebol/futsal feminino: o que as pesquisas nos periódicos nacionais evidenciam / Perspectives on women in the field of women's football/futsal: what research in national journals shows / Perspectivas sobre las mujeres en el campo del fútbol/fútbol sala femenino: lo que muestra la investigación en revistas nacionales

Este estudo se propôs a analisar a produção acadêmica brasileira no campo da Educação Física acerca do futebol/futsal feminino afins de identificar quais os indícios científicos os estudos em questão apresentam. A pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo, já que opera uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL). Como critério para a seleção dos periódicos, foram priorizados aqueles voltados para a área de Educação Física, com estratificação B e A segundo a avaliação da CAPES (Qualis) e publicados entre 2015 e 2020. No transcurso da pesquisa, doze artigos de seis revistas, na perspetiva quanti-qualitativa, foram analisados. Para proceder com a análise, foram criadas duas categorias: (i) aspectos históricos, sociais e culturais; (ii) performance e alto rendimento. O campo de pesquisa sobre futebol/futsal feminino destaca discussões sobre gênero, incentivos e preconceitos.

This study aimed to analyze the Brazilian academic production in the field of Physical Education about women's football / futsal, in order to identify what scientific evidence the studies in question present. A qualitative approach methodology was adopted, such as Systematic Literature Review (RSL), in which searches were concentrated on magazines focused on the area of Physical Education with stratification of B and A according to Qualis (CAPES) in the period from 2015 to 2020. In the course of the research, twelve articles from six journals, from a quanti-qualitative perspective, were analyzed. To proceed with the analysis, two categories were created: (i) historical, social and cultural aspects; (ii) performance and high performance. The women's football / futsal research field highlights discussions about gender, incentives and prejudices.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la producción académica brasileña en el campo de la Educación Física sobre fútbol / fútbol sala femenino, con el fin de identificar qué evidencia científica presentan los estudios en cuestión. La investigación tiene un carácter cualitativo, ya que opera una Revisión sistemática de literatura (RSL). Como criterio para la selección de revistas, se dio prioridad a aquellos enfocados en el área de Educación Física, con estratificación B y A según la evaluación CAPES (Qualis) y publicados entre 2015 y 2020. En el curso de la investigación, doce artículos de seis revistas, desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, se analizaron. Para proceder con el análisis, se crearon dos categorías: (i) aspectos históricos, sociales y culturales; (ii) rendimiento y alto rendimiento. El campo de investigación de fútbol femenino / fútbol sala destaca las discusiones sobre género, incentivos y prejuicios.

Human levator veli palatini muscle: a novel source of mesenchymal stromal cells for use in the rehabilitation of patients with congenital craniofacial malformations.

BACKGROUND: Bone reconstruction in congenital craniofacial differences, which affect about 2-3% of newborns, has long been the focus of intensive research in the field of bone tissue engineering. The possibility of using mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine protocols has opened a new field of investigation aimed at finding optimal sources of multipotent cells that can be isolated via non-invasive procedures. In this study, we analyzed whether levator veli palatini muscle fragments, which can be readily obtained in non-invasive manner during palatoplasty in cleft palate patients, represent a novel source of MSCs with osteogenic potential. METHODS: We obtained levator veli palatini muscle fragments (3-5 mm3), during surgical repair of cleft palate in 5 unrelated patients. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated from the muscle using a pre-plating technique and other standard practices. The multipotent nature of the isolated stromal cells was demonstrated via flow cytometry analysis and by induction along osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation pathways. To demonstrate the osteogenic potential of these cells in vivo, they were used to reconstruct a critical-sized full-thickness calvarial defect model in immunocompetent rats. RESULTS: Flow cytometry analysis showed that the isolated stromal cells were positive for mesenchymal stem cell antigens (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105) and negative for hematopoietic (CD34 and CD45) or endothelial cell markers (CD31). The cells successfully underwent osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic cell differentiation under appropriate cell culture conditions. Calvarial defects treated with CellCeram™ scaffolds seeded with the isolated levator veli palatini muscle cells showed greater bone healing compared to defects treated with acellular scaffolds. CONCLUSION: Cells derived from levator veli palatini muscle have phenotypic characteristics similar to other mesenchymal stromal cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that these cells may have clinical relevance in the surgical rehabilitation of patients with cleft palate and other craniofacial anomalies characterized by significant bone deficit.

Adult mesenchymal stem cells and their possibilities for Dentistry: what to expect?

INTRODUCTION: Stem cells obtained from the pulp of human deciduous teeth are highly proliferative and plastic multipotent cells, which makes them a relevant model of stem cells, applied in several biomedical areas, with different purposes. OBJECTIVE: Based on a brief review of the literature, the present work intends to present from conceptual aspects about stem cells, classifications, potential (in vitro and in vivo) applications in dental practice, cell culture, cryopreservation and its importance, ethical and regulatory aspects, as well as the role of the dental surgeon as the endorser responsible for the entire clinical stage that involves the process of collecting stem cells obtained from dental pulps for cryopreservation, with a view to using them under appropriate conditions, in accordance with scientifically proven and justified good laboratory and clinical practices.

Adult mesenchymal stem cells and their possibilities for Dentistry: what to expect?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Stem cells obtained from the pulp of human deciduous teeth are highly proliferative and plastic multipotent cells, which makes them a relevant model of stem cells, applied in several biomedical areas, with different purposes. Objective: Based on a brief review of the literature, the present work intends to present from conceptual aspects about stem cells, classifications, potential (in vitro and in vivo) applications in dental practice, cell culture, cryopreservation and its importance, ethical and regulatory aspects, as well as the role of the dental surgeon as the endorser responsible for the entire clinical stage that involves the process of collecting stem cells obtained from dental pulps for cryopreservation, with a view to using them under appropriate conditions, in accordance with scientifically proven and justified good laboratory and clinical practices.

RESUMO Introdução: As células-tronco obtidas a partir da polpa de dentes decíduos humanos são células multipotentes altamente proliferativas e plásticas, o que as torna um modelo relevante de células-tronco, aplicado em diversas áreas biomédicas, com diferentes propósitos. Objetivo: A partir de uma breve revisão da literatura, o presente trabalho pretende apresentar desde aspectos conceituais acerca das células-tronco, classificações, potenciais aplicações (in vitro e in vivo) na prática odontológica, cultivo celular, criopreservação e sua importância, aspectos éticos e regulatórios, bem como o papel do cirurgião-dentista como homologador responsável por toda a etapa clínica que envolve o processo de coleta das células-tronco obtidas a partir de polpas dentais para criopreservação, com vistas ao uso em condições adequadas, em acordo com as boas práticas laboratoriais e clínicas cientificamente comprovadas e justificadas.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth and the Orbicularis Oris Muscle: How Do They Behave When Exposed to a Proinflammatory Stimulus?

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied as a promising type of stem cell for use in cell therapies because of their ability to regulate the immune response. Although they are classically isolated from the bone marrow, many studies have sought to isolate MSCs from noninvasive sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate how MSCs isolated from the dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and fragments of the orbicularis oris muscle (OOMDSCs) behave when treated with an inflammatory IFN-γ stimulus, specifically regarding their proliferative, osteogenic, and immunomodulatory potentials. The results demonstrated that the proliferation of SHED and OOMDSCs was inhibited by the addition of IFN-γ to their culture medium and that treatment with IFN-γ at higher concentrations resulted in a greater inhibition of the proliferation of these cells than treatment with IFN-γ at lower concentrations. SHED and OOMDSCs maintained their osteogenic differentiation potential after stimulation with IFN-γ. Additionally, SHED and OOMDSCs have been shown to have low immunogenicity because they lack expression of HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 before and after IFN-γ treatment. Last, SHED and OOMDSCs expressed the immunoregulatory molecule HLA-G, and the expression of this antigen increased after IFN-γ treatment. In particular, an increase in intracellular HLA-G expression was observed. The results obtained suggest that SHED and OOMDSCs lack immunogenicity and have immunomodulatory properties that are enhanced when they undergo inflammatory stimulation with IFN-γ, which opens new perspectives for the therapeutic use of these cells.

The Role of Custom-made Subperiosteal Implants for Rehabilitation of Atrophic Jaws - A Case Report.

Rehabilitation of atrophic jaws with conventional endosseous implant-supported overdentures and immediate loading protocols still presents a challenge nowadays. Custom-made implants with immediate loading overdenture are emerging as a solution for atrophic jaws rehabilitation. The authors describe the case of a 44-year-old male with a history of congenital dental agenesis. A previous oral rehabilitation with an all-on-6 type, implant-fixed mandibular overdenture, had failed due to peri-implantitis. The patient was successfully treated with bimaxillary custom-made subperiosteal implants with an innovative design, combining subperiosteal and endosseous support. The authors consider custom-made subperiosteal implants, in selected patients, present several advantages over classic bone-grafting plus endosseous implant-placement techniques such as (1) possibility of a single-stage procedure with immediate loading in atrophic jaws; (2) possible primary option to approach atrophic jaws as a simpler and less time-consuming technique; and (3) a valid rescue option for failed endosseous implants. More long-term studies with large samples of patients will be necessary to confirm previous assumptions.

Is There a Noninvasive Source of MSCs Isolated with GMP Methods with Better Osteogenic Potential?

BACKGROUND: A new trend in the treatment for alveolar clefts in patients with cleft lip and palate involves the use of bone tissue engineering strategies to reduce or eliminate the morbidity associated with autologous bone grafting. The use of mesenchymal stem cells-autologous cells obtained from tissues such as bone marrow and fat-combined with various biomaterials has been proposed as a viable option for use in cleft patients. However, invasive procedures are necessary to obtain the mesenchymal stem cells from these two sources. To eliminate donor site morbidity, noninvasive stem cell sources such as the umbilical cord, orbicularis oris muscle, and deciduous dental pulp have been studied for use in alveolar cleft bone tissue engineering. In this study, we evaluate the osteogenic potential of these various stem cell types. METHODS: Ten cellular strains obtained from each different source (umbilical cord, orbicularis oris muscle, or deciduous dental pulp) were induced to osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and the bone matrix deposition of each primary culture was quantified. To evaluate whether greater osteogenic potential of the established mesenchymal stem cell strains was associated with an increase in the expression profile of neural crest genes, real-time qPCR was performed on the following genes: SRY-box 9, SRY-box 10, nerve growth factor receptor, transcription factor AP-2 alpha, and paired box 3. RESULTS: The mesenchymal stem cells obtained from deciduous dental pulp and orbicularis oris muscle demonstrated increased osteogenic potential with significantly more extracellular bone matrix deposition when compared to primary cultures obtained from the umbilical cord after twenty-one days in culture (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005, respectively). The paired box 3 gene was more highly expressed in the MSCs obtained from deciduous dental pulp and orbicularis oris muscle than in those obtained from the umbilical cord. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that deciduous dental pulp and orbicularis oris muscle stem cells demonstrate superior osteogenic differentiation potential relative to umbilical cord-derived stem cells and that this increased potential is related to their neural crest origins. Based on these observations, and the distinct translational advantage of incorporating stem cells from noninvasive tissue sources into tissue engineering protocols, greater study of these specific cell lines in the setting of alveolar cleft repair is indicated.

Human Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Good Manufacturing Practices for Articular Cartilage Regeneration.

Background: Cartilage restoration is a desperately needed bridge for patients with symptomatic cartilage lesions. Chondral lesion is a pathology with high prevalence, reaching as much as 63% of general population and 36% among athletes. Despite autologous chondrocyte implantation versatility, it still fails to fully reproduce hyaline articular cartilage characteristics. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be isolated from various known tissues, including discarded fragments at arthroscopy such as synovial membrane. Choice of harvesting site is motivated by MSCs' abilities to modulate immunologic and inflammatory response through paracrine communication. Synovial MSCs have a greater proliferation and strong chondrogenic potential than bone and adipose MSCs and a less hypertrophic differentiation than bone MSCs. Good manufacturing practice (GMP) laboratory techniques for human clinical trials are still novel. To our knowledge, there are only two clinical trials in humans published since today. Purpose: Therefore, this work aimed to isolate and characterize synovial MSCs and evaluated their differentiation properties according to GMP standards. Materials and Methods: One-gram tissue sample from three patients of synovia was harvested at the beginning of arthroscopy surgery. MSCs were isolated, expanded, and characterized by flow cytometry. Results: It was possible to isolate and expand MSCs cultures from synovia, characterize MSCs by flow cytometry using proper monoclonal antibodies, and differentiate MSCs by coloring technique after chondrogenic, adipogenic, and osteogenic differentiations. Cartilage treatment may benefit from these tissue engineering protocols since arthroscopic procedures are routinely performed for different purposes in a previous stage and a favorable chondronegic differentiation cell lineage may be collected and stored in a less invasive way. Conclusion: Laboratory protocols established according to presented GMP were able to isolate and characterize MSCs obtained from synovia. Impact Statement Articular cartilage restoration is a desperately needed bridge for patients with symptomatic cartilage lesions and it rises as a socioeconomic issue with a considerable economic burden. Synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a greater proliferation rate and strong chondrogenic potential than bone and adipose MSCs and a less hypertrophic differentiation than bone MSCs. To our knowledge, there are only two human clinical trials with good manufacturing practice laboratory techniques for synovial MSCs harvesting and differentiation. Cartilage treatment may benefit from these tissue engineering protocols since arthroscopic procedures are routinely performed for different purposes in a previous stage.

Existe associação entre o ângulo formado pelo terço inferior das paredes medial e lateral do seio maxilar e o risco de perfuração da membrana? Um estudo transversal / Is there association between the angle of medial and lateral maxillary sinus walls at the inferior third and the risk of membrane perforation? A cross-sectional study

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência das medidas dos ângulos formados entre a parede medial e lateral do seio maxilar em seu terço inferior, e verificar a correlação entre os ângulos medidos e sua localização anatômica específica em áreas de dentes posteriores. Material e métodos: foram selecionados 64 cortes parasagitais em 25 exames tomográficos de uma amostra de pacientes uni ou bilateralmente desdentados, registrados para atendimento na Clínica de Implantologia Oral da Universidade do Grande Rio entre 1998 e 2004. Depois, os cortes foram digitalizados por um único operador, com cobertura transparente e em resolução 4.800 dpi. Os ângulos dos assoalhos dos seios maxilares (θ) foram medidos traçando-se linhas retas tangenciais às paredes medial e lateral, e separando sua distribuição por sítios posteriores (primeiros pré-molares, segundo pré-molares, primeiro molares e segundos molares), proporcionando três grupos: grupo 1 (θ ≤ 30º); grupo 2 (30º≤ θ ≤ 60º) e grupo 3 (> 60º). O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar a prevalência dos ângulos medidos e sua correlação com a localização anatômica, e o teste Anova para avaliar a correlação entre as médias dos ângulos mensurados e a localização anatômica. Resultados: os ângulos obtusos (grupo3) prevaleceram significativamente em 65,6% dos cortes parassagitais avaliados (p<0,01)...

Implantes curtos: uma opção para regiões atróficas e fatores que influenciam os seus índices de sucesso / Short implants: an option for atrophic regions and factors influencing their success rates - a literature review

As perdas dentárias podem gerar vários problemas, sendo a atrofia óssea uma das mais frequentes, dificultando posteriormente a reabilitação oral. O uso de próteses removíveis e longos períodos de edentulismo podem agravar o quadro de atrofia. Devido à teoria de que o implante deveria ser o mais longo possível, procedimentos cirúrgicos para suprir esse déficit de volume ósseo horizontal/vertical foram amplamente estudados como: enxertos em blocos inlays/onlays, distração osteogênica (DOA), enxertos em seio maxilar, regeneração óssea guiada (ROG) e lateralização do nervo alveolar inferior (LNAI). Porém, alto custo biológico, morbidade e literatura não conclusiva levaram a busca por alternativas. Vários estudos vêm demonstrando que os implantes curtos podem apresentar índices de sucesso comparáveis aos dos implantes mais longos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão da literatura científica a respeito dos implantes curtos abordando as modificações em sua macro e microgeometria, o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas cirúrgicas e os conhecimentos de biomecânica, entre outros fatores que aumentaram as taxas de sucesso e sobrevivência dessa modalidade de tratamento.

Tooth loss can cause several problems, being bone atrophy one of the most frequent, compromising subsequent oral rehabilitation procedures. The use of removable partial dentures and long periods of tooth loss may worsen this scenario. Due to the theory that the implant should be as long as possible for adequate stability, surgical procedures to address bone deficits in horizontal/vertical dimensions have been widely studied, such as grafts block inlays/onlays, distraction osteogenesis (DOA), maxillary sinus grafts, guided-bone regeneration (GBR), and inferior alveolar nerve lateralization (IANL). However, the high biological cost, morbidity and inconclusive literature prompt the search for alternatives. Several studies have shown that short implants may have success rates comparable to those in longer implants. Thus, the objective of this study is to review the scientific literature addressing the changes in its macro and micro-geometry, the development of new surgical techniques, and knowledge in biomechanics, as well as and other factors that increase the success and survival rates in this treatment modality.

A influência do biotipo periodontal na estética peri-implantar / The influence of periodontal biotype on peri-implant dental aesthetics

A preocupação com a estética é cada vez maior na terapia com implantes osseointegrados e a criação de uma margem gengival harmônica, uma completa formação de papila interdental e o biotipo periodontal têm aparecido como fatores primordiais para a obtenção de um resultado estético de excelência. O objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar uma revisão da literatura mostrando os fatores de risco envolvidos na estética peri-implantar e observar a possível relação entre esses fatores e o biotipo periodontal. A influência que o biotipo periodontal exerce sobre os tecidos peri-implantares parece ser bem controversa entre os autores, porém, de acordo com a literatura, a qualidade do biotipo periodontal pode ditar a estratégia de planejamento para a instalação de implantes na região anterior da maxila, podendo ter relação principalmente com a manutenção da papila interdental, com o tecido ósseo subjacente e com a estabilidade da margem gengival livre.

Nowadays, esthetics has been one of the main issues on dental implant therapy. Creation of a harmonious gingival margin, with complete formation of interdental papilla and periodontal biotype has emerged as key factors for achieving excellent results. The aim of this paper was to present a literature review showing the risk factors involved in peri-implant aesthetics and the possible relationship between these factors and periodontal biotypes. The influence of periodontal biotype on peri-implant tissues appeared quite controversial among authors but, according to the literature, the quality of periodontal biotype can dictate the treatment strategy for implant placement in the anterior maxillary region, being related to the maintenance of the interdental papillae, the underlying bone tissue, and to the stability of the free gingival margin

Revisão da histoanatomia dos tecidos peri-implantares: implicações funcionais estéticas / Literature review of the periimplant tissues: functional and aesthetics implications

Buscou-se levantar informações na literatura sobre a hístoanatomia dos tecidos peri-implantares, fazendo analogias desses tecidos com os tecidos periodontais, como também verificando as possíveis influências de alguns procedimentos na reabilitação com implantes sobre os tecidos peri-implantares. Constatou-se a existência de semelhanças e diferenças entre ambos os tecidos, tanto em termos estruturais quanto em suas respostas à presença de biofilme, à aplicação de cargas funcionais e para funcionais, como também aos tipos de mucosa (queratinizada e não queratinizada). Alguns fatores ligados à característica do implante utilizado, tais como a textura de superfície e o projeto do implante, bem como seu posicionamento tridimensional, parecem ter influência sobre a homeostasia dos tecidos peri-implantares, enquanto a instalação imediata do implante e a imediata aplicação de carga parece não ter influência sobre esses tecidos; porém, ainda não há um consenso na literatura sobre isso, o que demanda a realização de mais estudos clínicos longitudinais devidamente controlados.

Osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos: revisão de literatura / Osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by bisphosphonates: review of literature

Os bisfosfonatos são potentes inibidores da remodelação óssea, sendo esta uma razão para serem utilizados no tratamento de doenças que interferem no metabolismo ósseo. Apesar de serem amplamente utilizados como agentes terapêuticos na redução da morbidade dos doentes oncológicos e no tratamento da osteoporose pós-menopausa, nos últimos anos, têm sido relatados casos de osteonecrose dos maxilares em pacientes que fazem uso desta classe de drogas. A osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos é definida como uma exposição óssea necrótica que permanece na cavidade oral por mais de oito semanas em pacientes que fazem uso da droga e não foram irradiados na região de cabeça e pescoço. A osteonecrose tem sido descrita em pacientes que fazem uso de bisfosfonatos após procedimentos cirúrgicos bucais, incluindo o procedimento de instalação de implantes dentais. Desta forma, torna-se de grande valia que o cirurgião-dentista reconheça seus sinais e sintomas e saiba como tratar o paciente acometido por esta doença. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão da literatura científica relacionada a Osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos e fornecer uma atualização na relação entre bisfosfonatos e implantes dentários

Bisphosphonates are potente inhibitors of bone remodeling, being a reason for use in treating diseases that affect bone metasbolism. Despite being widely used as therapeutic agents in reducing the morbidity of oncological patients, and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, in recent years, cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw have been reported. Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw, (BRONJ) has been described in patients taking bisphosphonates after oral surgery procedures, including the placement of dental implants surgery. Thus it is of great value for the dental surgeon to recognize their signals and symptoms and how to treat patients with this disease. This review is an update of relationship between bisphosphonates and dental implants. The aim of this paper is to review the scientific literature regarding osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by bisphosphonates and provide an update of the relationship between bisphosphonate and dental implant

Caracterização das superfícies dos implantes osseointegráveis: revisão de literatura / Characterization of osseointegrated implants surfaces: literature review

A composição química e a rugosidade da superfície estão diretamente ligadas ao sucesso dos implantes osseointegrados. Implantes com superfície moderadamente rugosa modificam os mecanismos da interação das células com a superfície quando comparados aos implantes de superfícies usinadas, acelerando o processo de osseointegração. Clinicamente, implantes com superfície rugosa permitem a colocação dos mesmos em função mais rapidamente e aumentam o índice de sucesso, principalmente em situações de risco como regiões de osso de baixa densidade, osso regenerado e altura óssea reduzida. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão da literatura científica sobre os diversos tratamentos de superfície dos implantes osseointegráveis e apresentar estudos que avaliam as suas características e influência na cicatrização óssea

The chemical composition and surface roughness are directly linked to the success of dental implants. Implants with treated surface modify the mechanisms of interaction of cells with the surface in relation to implants machined surfaces, accelerating the process of osseointegration. Clinically, implants with treated surface allow to activate faster and increase the success rate especially in risk situations such as regions of low density of alveolar bone, regenerated bone and reduced bone height. This study aims to review the scientific literature on the various surface treatments of dental implants and present studies that evaluate its characteristics and influence on bone healing