The Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases (QIHVC): Development and preliminary results.

Introduction: Violence against women (VAW) is a worldwide social and health problem of epidemic proportions. This violence is preventable, and bystander programs are one of the possible preventative strategies. The main purpose of this research was to develop a tool that, by applying a contrastive methodology for its application in different forms of violence (forms of gender-based violence, such as intimate partner VAW, sexual harassment at work, and street harassment, and common violence, such as a robbery), would allow measuring the probability of occurrence of bystander response in the face of these types of violence with good evidence of content validity. Method: Firstly (Study 1), an initial version of a measure tool, the Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases (QIHVC), was developed; secondly (Study 2), a Delphi (modified) study was carried out to obtain valid, content-based evidence; and finally (Study 3), a pilot study was carried out to evaluate the appropriate functioning of the QIHVC and, if required, to make any necessary adjustments. Results and discussion: The main result is the development of a set of case scenarios and a questionnaire related to its content which constitutes the QIHVC and, in its initial approximation, seems to constitute an adequate and sensible tool to capture the differences between the characterizations of common violence and VAW and in the possible response of bystanders in the face of such violence.

Work-family conflict among hotel housekeepers in the Balearic Islands (Spain).

The massive incorporation of women to the labour market has increased academic and applied interest on work-life issues throughout the years. This article aims to describe the domestic burden and difficulties in work-life balance (WLB) and to understand the intersection of work and family spheres among hotel housekeepers (HHs). A cross-sectional study was conducted through Primary Health Care in the Balearic Islands (Spain); 1,043 HHs were enrolled. 56.7% reported difficulties in WLB. Risk factors for perceiving difficulties in WLB were: living with someone else (regardless of the number of co-habitants), having difficulties making ends meet, being the main person in charge of domestic tasks, having a dependant, having an external locus of control, presenting higher levels of stress at work, working more hours a week and being younger. Protective factors from experiencing work-family conflict (WFC) were job and wage satisfaction. WFC is strongly influenced by individual, economic, labour and domestic factors: these relationships show that labour and domestic spheres are non-separate worlds.

Workplace bullying and sexual harassment at work among hotel housekeepers in the Balearic Islands (Spain).

Introduction: Hotel housekeepers are close to being a 100% feminized occupational group in Spain. This fact, coupled with some features of the job, places them at high risk of sexual harassment at work and bullying in the workplace. This study aims to explore experiences of sexual harassment at work and workplace bullying among hotel housekeepers in the Balearic Islands. Second, it aims to describe and estimate the prevalence of both phenomena. Methods: This is a mixed-methods study. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants, and six focus groups were held with hotel housekeepers. Additionally, a quantitative cross-sectional study (n = 1,043) was undertaken. Results: Most participants in focus groups had been sexually harassed at work. However, they had normalized this kind of situations, not labeling themselves as victims of sexual harassment; and harassment events were seen as unimportant, normal, and unquestioned, as well as being part of their daily work. Hotel housekeepers who were sexually harassed indicated high levels of stress at work and low social support. The prevalence of different workplace bullying behaviors was quite high among hotel housekeepers working in the Balearic Islands. Some were associated with poorer self-rated health, less satisfaction with the job and the salary, lower social support, and higher levels of stress. Despite this, qualitative methods informed us that less severe behaviors were normalized and perceived by hotel housekeepers as intrinsic to their job. Discussion: The results show the high tolerance to less severe expressions of sexual harassment at work and workplace bullying, as well as difficulties in or reluctance to labeling this kind of experiences as such.

Personal Traits of the People Who Help: The Case of Bystanders to Violence against Women.

Within the context of emergency situations, the terms witness or bystander are used to refer to individuals involved in oppressive incidents who are neither the victim nor the perpetrator. Among the different types of emergency situations, our study focuses on violence against women (VAW). In keeping with current efforts in the scientific literature on bystander intervention and the evidence currently available, the main focus of this study is to analyze some personal factors that reflect the characteristics or experiences of bystanders and that could have a bearing on their predisposition to help victims of VAW (i.e., empathy, a just world belief system, and expectations of self-efficacy) and later analyze the possible relationship between these personal characteristics and gender or previous experience as a VAW bystander. An opportunity sample of 546 Spanish participants (73.4% women and 26.6% men) between 18 and 56 years of age took part in this study and fill out a sociodemographic data sheet, a questionnaire to evaluate the experience as violence witness designed ad hoc, and the Characteristics of People who Help Questionnaire scale (CPHQ). The results obtained indicate that CPHQ could constitute an adequate measure for the three dimensions analyzed. Female participants are significantly more empathetic than males, but in the case of a just world belief and expectations of self-efficacy the results showed no gender-related differences. Additionally, only a just world belief was clearly influenced by having been a bystander to some form of VAW. In conclusion, this study contributes a proposal for an evaluating instrument featuring three relevant personal characteristics in the development of helping behaviors, presenting some results of interest regarding empathy, a just world belief, and expectations of self-efficacy and their relationship with gender or previous experiences as VAW bystanders. These results obtained suggest an initial path toward future research in the development of interventions with bystander participation in our environment.

Bystanders of intimate partner violence against women and their willingness to intervene: An analysis of secondary data in Spain (2005-2020).

Recent decades have seen a growing acknowledgement of violence against women (VAW) as a serious social and public health problem of epidemic proportions. The prevention of VAW and intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) has become a priority within this context, and includes various prevention strategies such as social participation and helping behaviors. In different countries, conducting research on help-seeking behavior and bystander intervention in cases of VAW is a common practice, but addressing these issues is much less common in Spain. In this context, the objective of this study is to provide a preliminary estimation of the volume of bystanders in cases of IPVAW in Spain between 2005 and 2020 (since the entry into force of Organic Law 1/2004), their willingness to intervene and, in the case of intervention, the type of helping behavior (real or hypothetical) preferred, using the sources (secondary data) available (specifically, survey data, as the surveys of social perception of gender violence and the 2014 and 2019 macro-surveys, and also administrative data, as the database of reports filed). The data analyzed allow us to determine that, in fact, in the cases of IPVAW there are usually persons within the victim's inner circle who are firsthand witnesses or have been informed by the victim of the existence of this type of violence, but, although the bystanders generally claim they would engage in an active and supportive response, this is in fact not always the case. These results underscore the need to develop intervention programs aimed at IPVAW bystanders to improve their reaction and contribute to the development of helpful and efficient active responses.

Predicting Abusive Behaviours in Spanish Adolescents' Relationships: Insights from the Reasoned Action Approach.

(1) Background: Partner violence prevention programmes do not produce the expected behavioural changes. Accordingly, experts suggest applying evidence-based behavioural models to identify the determinants of abusive behaviours. In this research, we applied the reasoned action approach (RAA) to predict the performance (boys) and acceptance (girls) of abusive behaviours in adolescents. (2) Method: We designed a questionnaire based on the RAA and performed a cross-sectional study. We analysed the predictive capacity of the RAA constructs on intentions with the sample of single adolescents (n = 1112). We replicated the analysis only with those who were in a relationship (n = 587) and in addition analysed the predictive capacity of intention on future behaviour (3 months later). (3) Results: The hierarchical regression analysis performed with the sample of single adolescents showed that the model explained 56% and 47% of the variance of boys' intentions to perform the controlling and devaluing behaviours, respectively; and 62% and 33% of girls' intention to accept them. With those in a relationship, the model explained 60% and 53% of the variance of boys' intentions to perform the controlling and devaluating behaviour, respectively, and 70% and 38% of girls' intention to accept them. Intention exerted direct effects on boys' performance of controlling and devaluing behaviours (31% and 34% of explained variance, respectively) and on girls' acceptance (30% and 7%, respectively). (4) Conclusions: The RAA seems useful to identify the motivational determinants of abusive behaviours, regardless of adolescents´ relationship status, and for their prediction. Perceived social norms emerge as a relevant predictor on which to intervene to produce behavioural changes with both sexes.

Street Sexual Harassment: Experiences and Attitudes among Young Spanish People.

Violence against women (VAW) is gender-based violence directed at women and girls on account of being female that can take on multiple forms and manifest in different contexts. Among the many possible forms of VAW, this article focuses on "piropos", a type of stranger harassment situation. Specifically, the objectives of this study were two-fold: to analyze the usefulness of a tool to evaluate social attitudes towards this form of VAW and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic variables and prior victimization (whether as a witness or victim) on attitudes towards this type of violence among Spanish youth. An opportunity sample of 538 young Spanish people took part in this study. They filled out a sociodemographic data sheet, a victimization questionnaire designed ad hoc, and a questionnaire on attitudes towards "piropos". The results obtained indicate that the questionnaire was adequate for use as a tool to evaluate social attitudes towards this type of VAW and suggest its applicability for future studies on attitudes towards "piropos" as a type of stranger harassment situation in a Spanish context. Moreover, the results on victimization not only corroborate the magnitude of street sexual harassment in Spain and a direct effect of gender on the perception of the violence experienced, they also reinforce the need to further investigate new aspects. Regarding attitudes towards "piropos", the results obtained indicate that, in general, participants demonstrated negative attitudes or rejection, and these feelings were particularly strong among women.

Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: An Exploratory Study.

There is consistent evidence that attitudes are important in understanding how people react and behave toward victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women. Researchers have typically measured these attitudes through self-reports. However, explicit measures are prone to socially desirable responding. The overall objective of our research is to provide multimethod measures of public attitudes (explicit and implicit) toward intimate partner violence against women. An opportunity sample of 190 Psychology undergraduates (32 men and 158 women) took part in this study and completed two self-reports: the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating. In addition, they completed a personalized Implicit Association Test, the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test. This study provides evidence of the best way to apply the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (with feedback) and the best procedure for estimating the Implicit Association Test effect (built-in error penalty). The findings are also consistent with previous research and exhibit a significant disparity between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women. These findings, although still preliminary, provide interesting information that affirms the need to incorporate implicit measures of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women into research on this social problem.

Prácticas de salud de dominación y exclusión: visiones de activistas, profesionales e investigadoras sobre situación de esterilizaciones forzadas en mujeres y niñas con discapacidad en España / Health practices of domination and exclusion: views of activists, professionals and researchers on the situation of forced sterilization of women and girls with disabilities in Spain

Resumen En 2017, las Naciones Unidas declaran que 38 países, entre ellos España, continuaban realizando esterilizaciones forzadas en mujeres y niñas con discapacidad, a pesar de tratarse de una práctica ampliamente condenada por diversos organismos internacionales de derechos humanos. Este estudio analizó la situación de esta práctica en España, desde la perspectiva de activistas, profesionales e investigadoras con experiencias vinculadas a este colectivo. La metodología empleada fue de tipo cualitativa basada en la Teoría Fundamentada Constructivista. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a 22 informantes, que representaron a 6 comunidades autónomas del país. Las participantes identificaron un modelo de prácticas de salud de dominación y exclusión, donde la sexualidad y reproducción de mujeres con discapacidad ha sido objeto de expropiación, alienación y desprecio por parte de sistemas, estructuras y políticas diferenciadas, con escasa transferencia del marco global de derechos humanos a su realidad. La violencia sexual ha pasado inadvertida, naturalizándose por el entorno, han promovido mecanismos de exclusión social e inequidades en salud, al privarles de sus derechos humanos fundamentales. Al tratarse de una situación que se replica en diversos lugares del mundo, debiese considerarse un tema de relevancia para la salud pública internacional.

Abstract In 2017, the United Nations declared that 38 countries, including Spain, continued to practice forced sterilizations on women and girls with disabilities, despite it being a practice widely condemned by various international human rights organizations. This study analyzed the situation of this practice in Spain, from the perspective of activists, professionals and researchers with experiences related to this group. The methodology used was qualitative, based on Constructivist Grounded Theory. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were applied to 22 informants, representing 6 autonomous communities of the country. The participants identified a model of health practices of domination and exclusion, where the sexuality and reproduction of women with disabilities has been the object of expropriation, alienation and contempt by systems, structures and differentiated policies, with little transfer of the global framework of human rights to their reality. Sexual violence has gone unnoticed, becoming naturalized by the environment, and has promoted mechanisms of social exclusion and health inequities, depriving them of their fundamental human rights. As it is a situation that is replicated in various parts of the world, it should be considered an issue of relevance for international public health.

Prácticas de salud de dominación y exclusión: visiones de activistas, profesionales e investigadoras sobre situación de esterilizaciones forzadas en mujeres y niñas con discapacidad en España / Health practices of domination and exclusion: views of activists, professionals and researchers on the situation of forced sterilization of women and girls with disabilities in Spain

Resumen En 2017, las Naciones Unidas declaran que 38 países, entre ellos España, continuaban realizando esterilizaciones forzadas en mujeres y niñas con discapacidad, a pesar de tratarse de una práctica ampliamente condenada por diversos organismos internacionales de derechos humanos. Este estudio analizó la situación de esta práctica en España, desde la perspectiva de activistas, profesionales e investigadoras con experiencias vinculadas a este colectivo. La metodología empleada fue de tipo cualitativa basada en la Teoría Fundamentada Constructivista. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a 22 informantes, que representaron a 6 comunidades autónomas del país. Las participantes identificaron un modelo de prácticas de salud de dominación y exclusión, donde la sexualidad y reproducción de mujeres con discapacidad ha sido objeto de expropiación, alienación y desprecio por parte de sistemas, estructuras y políticas diferenciadas, con escasa transferencia del marco global de derechos humanos a su realidad. La violencia sexual ha pasado inadvertida, naturalizándose por el entorno, han promovido mecanismos de exclusión social e inequidades en salud, al privarles de sus derechos humanos fundamentales. Al tratarse de una situación que se replica en diversos lugares del mundo, debiese considerarse un tema de relevancia para la salud pública internacional.

Abstract In 2017, the United Nations declared that 38 countries, including Spain, continued to practice forced sterilizations on women and girls with disabilities, despite it being a practice widely condemned by various international human rights organizations. This study analyzed the situation of this practice in Spain, from the perspective of activists, professionals and researchers with experiences related to this group. The methodology used was qualitative, based on Constructivist Grounded Theory. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were applied to 22 informants, representing 6 autonomous communities of the country. The participants identified a model of health practices of domination and exclusion, where the sexuality and reproduction of women with disabilities has been the object of expropriation, alienation and contempt by systems, structures and differentiated policies, with little transfer of the global framework of human rights to their reality. Sexual violence has gone unnoticed, becoming naturalized by the environment, and has promoted mechanisms of social exclusion and health inequities, depriving them of their fundamental human rights. As it is a situation that is replicated in various parts of the world, it should be considered an issue of relevance for international public health.

Perceived Factors of Stress and Its Outcomes among Hotel Housekeepers in the Balearic Islands: A Qualitative Approach from a Gender Perspective.

Tourism is the main economic sector in the Balearic Islands (Spain) and hotel housekeepers (HHs) are a large occupational group, in which stress is becoming a major issue. This study aims at exploring in-depth factors perceived as stressors by HHs and key-informants, and their effects on work-life balance (WLB). A qualitative design with phenomenological approach was used, conducting six focus groups with 34 HHs and 10 individual interviews with key-informants. Results were analyzed adopting the job demands-resources model and a gender perspective. High demands, e.g., work overload, time pressure, physical burden…, lack of enough resources and little control, derived from role conflict, unexpected events…, were the most important factors explaining HHs' stress. Additionally, this imbalance was perceived as leading to health problems, mainly musculoskeletal disorders. Working schedule was mentioned as a facilitator to WLB, whereas an imbalance between job demands and resources led to work-home conflict, preventing them from enjoying leisure time. Multiple roles at work and at home increased their stress. HHs experienced their job as invisible and unrecognised. Regarding practical implications, our recommendations for hotel organization include reducing workload and increasing resources, which would improve the job demands-resource balance, diminish negative mental and physical outcomes and improve WLB.

The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women.

Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.

Measurement of supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women among a Spanish-speaker sample.

Intimate partner violence is the most common type of violence against women. Attitudes towards this violence are increasingly recognized as key to understanding this social and public health problem because a social environment that accepts or even supports it creates a climate that breeds further violence and encourages their perpetration. The evidence available shows that these attitudes are influenced by different individual, organizational and community factors, and that the supportive attitudes are generally more common among males, and among older and less educated people. This paper presents two cross-sectional studies which aim to obtain a deeper understanding of supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in a Spanish-speakers context. Results obtained show that the two questionnaires used may be useful for evaluating supporting attitudes towards this violence in Spanish-speaking samples. Thus, the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence (IPDMV), one of the one of the most widely used tools to this aim among Spanish-speakers, includes information regarding the minimization of this violence and the responsibility of perpetrators, and it seems better able to capture the effect of previous training, which would be consistent with the fact that it was initially designed to detect the effects of interventions; and the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence (IBIPV), a new tool recently designed to this aim, is more focused on supportive attitudes and seems more effective for capturing differences between men and women in blaming victims and exonerating perpetrators. Additionally, the results obtained allow us to complement previous studies on the effects that factors such as gender, age, or previous training have on supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women.

Comparing Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women.

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is an epidemic social and public health problem. Research has consistently found evidence for a complex etiology of IPVAW resulting from the interaction of many factors, among which gender-related norms and attitudes are among the main drivers of this violence. Public attitudes toward IPVAW are especially important because attitudes rejecting, condoning, or fostering such behavior are social factors that contribute to a climate of tolerance or refusal that can shape the social environment in which such violence takes place. Given the importance of these attitudes, the availability of reliable, valid, and concise measures is critical for both research and intervention purposes. The evidence shows a probable bias of direct or explicit assessment measures of IPVAW attitudes, and it has been suggested that they should be complemented by indirect or implicit measures. In this context, the main aim of this paper was to examine how implicit and explicit attitudes toward IPVAW differ among a Spanish population. An opportunity sample of 693 students took part in this study. Two direct or explicit measures (the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, IPDMV, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence, IBIPV) and one indirect or implicit measure [the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT), a personalized form of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)] were applied. The results obtained show that the psychometric characteristics of the implicit measure used (GV-IAT) are acceptable. Additionally, we obtained significant differences by gender, IPVAW knowledge, IPVAW involvement, and political opinion when we measured IPVAW attitudes by implicit measures. However, when we measured these attitudes by explicit measures, we only obtained significant differences by gender and political opinion. Finally, the results highlight the important differences between the levels of strong IPVAW rejection measured with explicit and implicit measures, confirming the traditional discrepancy between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes. In summary, the results obtained provide additional support for the idea that GV-IAT constitutes a promising assessment tool to complement explicit measures for attitudes toward IPVAW.

Face-to-Face and blended methods to improve oral competence in nursing students through simulation.

Communication and interpersonal skills are relevant to the health professions, so it is important to promote these competencies at university. This research assesses the effectiveness of teaching oral competence through simulation using face-to-face and blended methods. A public speaking workshop was conducted in a group of 144 first year nursing students. Three groups were obtained according to the teaching method (Group 1: traditional method-3 sessions, Group 2: traditional method-2 sessions, Group 3: blended method-2 sessions). Public speaking confidence was measured at the beginning and end of the training, and oral competence was assessed at the end. As a result, all groups achieved a good level of oral competence after the training. However, while students in Group 1 showed greater oral competence, with regard to confidence in public speaking, students in Group 1 showed significantly worst results than those in Group 3. We concluded that simulation is a useful strategy to improve cognitive learning, and behavioural and practical competencies such as public speaking. As for the teaching method, although blended learning did not offer better results than traditional learning, it seems useful provide there is at least one face-to-face session so that the student can perform a speech and receive corrective feedback.

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle.

Supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) normalize and promote these aggressive behaviors. As a result, more and more research is proposing the identification, analysis and intervention of these attitudes. However, the vast majority of this research focuses on students. The main objective of this paper is to analyze these supportive attitudes throughout the lifecycle. An opportunity sample of 200 Spanish participants, by age and sex fixed quotas, took part in this study. Attitudes were measured using the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence and the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test, a personalized form of Implicit Association Test (IAT). The results show that explicitly measured supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women differ between age groups, adopting a U-shape distribution: lower acceptance among middle-aged-adults and young-adults and higher acceptance among adolescents and older adults. However, when these attitudes were implicitly measured, the IPVAW rejection increased with age, which is a counter-intuitive result and inconsistent with previous theoretical evidence. In summary, these results support an age effect that differs according to the measure of attitudes used and highlight some difficulties related to based-on-reaction-time measures among older people. This suggests the need for further research on the topic, especially among the older population.

The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women

Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.

Análisis de la producción científica mundial sobre esterilización forzada de mujeres con discapacidad entre 1997 y 2016 / World scientific production analysis in forced sterilization of women with disabilities between 1997-2016

Objetivo: Caracterizar la literatura publicada durante dos décadas (1997-2016) en todo el mundo, en inglés y español, sobre esterilización forzada de mujeres con discapacidad. Método: Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico descriptivo, longitudinal-retrospectivo. Se estudiaron los indicadores de productividad, colaboración y materias. Se empleó la herramienta de evaluación CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) como marco basado en la evidencia para la revisión de artículos originales y revisiones de la literatura. Resultados: Se recopilaron 139 documentos, en los cuales participaron 114 instituciones de 24 países. Los resultados muestran que la mayor productividad se concentra entre 2007 y 2016, existe un predominio de autoría femenina, de difusión en formato revisión de literatura, en idioma inglés y que proviene mayoritariamente de las universidades y del activismo de mujeres con discapacidad. Conclusiones: Se concluye que este tema ha sido insuficientemente estudiado en ambos idiomas; no obstante, se observa una tendencia al crecimiento. En sus contenidos se impone la denuncia de esta práctica como vulneración de derechos humanos, con mayor énfasis tras la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad. La violencia contra las mujeres con discapacidad es un problema de salud mundial, y esta ha sido una de sus manifestaciones con menor visibilidad en la literatura. Que los gobiernos, profesionales de salud y comunidades tengan acceso a este conocimiento aumenta su concienciación y las probabilidades de erradicar toda forma de violencia

Objective: To explore world scientific production in forced sterilization of women with disabilities between 1997 and 2016, written in English and Spanish. Method: We carried out a descriptive, retrospective longitudinal study. The bibliometrics indicators of productivity, collaboration and subject-matter were studied. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used as an evidence-based framework to evaluate original articles and literature reviews. Results: A total of 139 documents were studied, in which 114 institutions from 24 countries participated. The results show that the greatest productivity was between 2007 and 2016, with predominance of studies written by female authors, based on literature review methodology, written in the English language. The majority of the authors were affiliated with a university and from activism of women with disabilities rather than any other organization. Conclusions: It is concluded that while insufficiently explored in either language, there is a growing interest in this issue. There is a prominent focus in the literature on denunciation of this practice as a violation of human rights, with greater emphasis after The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Violence against women with disabilities is a global health problem; one of its manifestations has been the practice of forced sterilization, which has received relatively little attention in the literature. Governments, health professionals and communities must have access to this knowledge, awareness and the likelihood of eradicating all forms of violence must be increased

Beliefs and attitudes about intimate partner violence against women in Spain / Creencias y actitudes sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja en España

Background: Some attitudes serve to justify violence against women, to blame women for the violence they experience, and to perpetuate levels of this violence. These attitudes often stem from traditional norms and beliefs which are important to identify. The purpose of this study is to compare beliefs about intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) between two time points, examining the effect of the respondents - sex and previous academic-training. Method: Two opportunity samples of undergraduates took part in this study: 1,392 in 2006 (34.4% men and 65.6% women) and 730 in 2018 (36.3% men and 63.7% women). A four-factor model from the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV) was used after assessing fit through CFA. Results: Significant differences between 2006 and 2018 in all factors were found using MANCOVA (covariable: age). Differences were also found by sex and previous academic-training, and effects of interaction in the first factor between these variables and the time point. Conclusions: The beliefs and distorted thoughts about women and violence fell between the two time points analysed, with less acceptance of these beliefs among women and people with prior IPVAW academic-training

Antecedentes: algunas actitudes sirven para justificar la violencia contra las mujeres, culparlas por la violencia que experimentan, y perpetuar los niveles de esta violencia. Estas actitudes a menudo se derivan de normas y creencias tradicionales que es importante identificar. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar las creencias sobre violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja (IPVAW) entre dos momentos temporales, analizando el efecto del sexo y la formación académica previa. Método: se utilizan dos muestras de conveniencia: 1.392 estudiantes universitarios en 2006 (34,4% hombres y 65,6% mujeres) y 730 en 2018 (36,3% hombres y 63,7% mujeres). Se emplea un modelo de cuatro factores del Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia (IPDMV), tras evaluar el ajuste mediante AFC. Resultados: se obtienen, mediante MANCOVA (covariable: edad), diferencias significativas entre 2006 y 2018 en todos los factores. Se observan asimismo diferencias por sexo y formación académica previa, y efectos de interacción en el primer factor entre estas variables y el momento temporal. Conclusiones: las creencias y pensamientos distorsionados sobre la mujer y la violencia disminuyen entre los dos momentos analizados, y son menores en las mujeres y las personas con formación académica previa en IPVAW

Beliefs and attitudes about intimate partner violence against women in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Some attitudes serve to justify violence against women, to blame women for the violence they experience, and to perpetuate levels of this violence. These attitudes often stem from traditional norms and beliefs which are important to identify. The purpose of this study is to compare beliefs about intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) between two time points, examining the effect of the respondents– sex and previous academic-training. METHOD: Two opportunity samples of undergraduates took part in this study: 1,392 in 2006 (34.4% men and 65.6% women) and 730 in 2018 (36.3% men and 63.7% women). A four-factor model from the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV) was used after assessing fit through CFA. RESULTS: Significant differences between 2006 and 2018 in all factors were found using MANCOVA (covariable: age). Differences were also found by sex and previous academic-training, and effects of interaction in the first factor between these variables and the time point. CONCLUSIONS: The beliefs and distorted thoughts about women and violence fell between the two time points analysed, with less acceptance of these beliefs among women and people with prior IPVAW academic-training.