Diversity of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) in the Brazilian Pampa and the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Rio Grande do Sul.

Biological surveys represent important contributions to the knowledge of species diversity, conservation, taxonomy, and biogeography. Few surveys of stink bugs and allied groups (Pentatomoidea) were produced in Brazil, especially regarding the Brazilian Pampa, an overlooked biome. Here, a list of Pentatomoidea species of the Brazilian Pampa is presented for the first time, composed of seven families and 152 species. The results of five years of sampling in the Parque Estadual de Itapuã (PEI) are also presented. A total of 693 individuals were sampled, representing 41 species, 29 genera, and five families of Pentatomoidea. Pentatomidae presented a higher richness (28 species), followed by Cydnidae, Scutelleridae, Dinidoridae, and Megarididae. The most abundant species collected in the PEI was Brachystetus geniculatus (Fabricius) sampled in Bromelia balansae Mez (32.76%), followed by Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) found in Persicaria hydropiper (Linnaeus) (11.99%), Pallantia macula (Dallas) collected in B. balansae (10.92%), Dinidor saucius Stål (8.57%) in Smilax cf. campestris Griseb., and Caonabo pseudoscylax (Bergroth) (5.35%) found in Homolepis glutinosa (Sw.) Zuloaga & Soderstrom. This is the first time that a list of species is presented for the Brazilian Pampa and Parque Estadual de Itapuã, providing a baseline to develop further studies with Pentatomoidea in the biome.

Post-dispersal astrobiological events: modelling macroevolutionary dynamics for lithopanspermia.

Lithopanspermia is defined as dispersal of living extremophiles from one planetary body to another, through life-bearing rocks ejected by meteor impacts. If lithopanspermia proves concrete, it should be viewed as an eco-evolutionary phenomenon. Biogeographic/microevolutionary models have been proposed as analogues for lithopanspermia dynamics; however, extremophile arrival on a planetary body is not the end of story. Here, we suggest that eco-evolutionary (environment + organismal microevolution) dynamics can lead to distinct macroevolutionary scenarios after extremophile arrival on a planetary body. Speciation would be the most important factor in interplanetary dynamics due to the possibly long time and distance between dispersive events, similar to long-distance dispersal dynamics on Earth. In previously uninhabited planets, persistence of extremophiles and descendants depends almost only on evolvability of extremophiles against abiotic filters. Considering a previously inhabited planet, ecological interactions at local or global scales could drive persistence (speciation/extinction) of extremophiles in the new habitat. Thus, we might expect high extinction rates if negative interactions are dominant, or, high speciation, if positive interactions occur, with extremophile lineages overpower (or not) the native biota. If interplanetary dispersal is possible, theories about the evolution of life may be universal, leading to a general eco-evolutionary model for life in the Universe.