In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Anacardium occidentale L. extracts and their toxicity on PBMCs and zebrafish embryos.

This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and immunomodulatory action of crude extracts from Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) leaves and bark, and to determine their toxicity to peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to zebrafish embryos and larvae. Chemical analysis of extracts was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against selected bacteria strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed using resazurin method, while the effect on production of ROS by PMN leukocytes was measured by luminol. Embryotoxicity to zebrafish was assessed using the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET) and quantification of toxicity marker enzymes (AChE, LDH, and GST). 1H-NMR results showed anacardic acid as the main component of the extracts. All bacterial species tested were sensitive to the extracts, with MICs ranging from 312.5 to 10,000 µg/mL. Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli were the most susceptible species. The extracts promoted cell viability above 75% at concentrations from 1.25 to 80 µg/mL. Both extracts reduced zymosan-induced ROS (p < 0.05) at concentrations of 1, 8, and 80 µg/mL compared to the control. In vivo, there were embryotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos exposed to both extracts through the presence of lethal and sublethal endpoints. The samples also acted by inhibiting the activities of biomarker enzymes. The A. occidentale L. bark and leaf extracts showed antimicrobial potential and modulated ROS production in vitro, but these also showed embryotoxic effects to zebrafish.

Perillyl alcohol has antibacterial effects and reduces ROS production in macrophages.

Natural products have emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds for adjunctive treatments of many infectious and inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis. Among the monoterpenes with significant biological properties, there is the perillyl alcohol (POH), which can be found in several essential oils and has shown immunomodulatory properties in recent studies, which may be interesting in the treatment of non-neoplastic inflammatory disorders. Objective To determine the antibacterial and immune modulatory activities of the POH. Methodology The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the POH for two significant Gram-negative periodontal pathogens were determined by macrodilution and subculture, respectively. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages were determined by Trypan Blue and mitochondrial enzymatic activity assay. The modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry and expression of TNF and arginase-1 by real-time PCR. Results The POH was effective against P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and F. nucleatum (ATCC 25586) with MIC= MBC=1600 µM. No cytotoxicity up to 100 µM was observed on macrophages. The cell proliferation was inhibited from 48 hours at 100 µM (p<0.05) and 250 µM (p<0.01). The POH increased ROS production at both 10 µM and 100 µM (p<0.05) in unstimulated cells. The PMA-induced ROS production was not affected by POH, whereas 100 µM significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS-induced) ROS. The expression of TNF was not affected by POH in unstimulated cells or in cells polarized to M1 phenotype, whereas both concentrations of POH reduced (p<0.05) the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages. Conclusion The POH has antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens and reduced proliferation of murine macrophages without significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 µM. In addition, the POH reduced the LPS-induced ROS and the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages.

Perillyl alcohol has antibacterial effects and reduces ROS production in macrophages

Abstract Natural products have emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds for adjunctive treatments of many infectious and inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis. Among the monoterpenes with significant biological properties, there is the perillyl alcohol (POH), which can be found in several essential oils and has shown immunomodulatory properties in recent studies, which may be interesting in the treatment of non-neoplastic inflammatory disorders. Objective To determine the antibacterial and immune modulatory activities of the POH. Methodology The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the POH for two significant Gram-negative periodontal pathogens were determined by macrodilution and subculture, respectively. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages were determined by Trypan Blue and mitochondrial enzymatic activity assay. The modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry and expression of TNF and arginase-1 by real-time PCR. Results The POH was effective against P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and F. nucleatum (ATCC 25586) with MIC= MBC=1600 μM. No cytotoxicity up to 100 µM was observed on macrophages. The cell proliferation was inhibited from 48 hours at 100 μM (p<0.05) and 250 μM (p<0.01). The POH increased ROS production at both 10 μM and 100 μM (p<0.05) in unstimulated cells. The PMA-induced ROS production was not affected by POH, whereas 100 μM significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS-induced) ROS. The expression of TNF was not affected by POH in unstimulated cells or in cells polarized to M1 phenotype, whereas both concentrations of POH reduced (p<0.05) the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages. Conclusion The POH has antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens and reduced proliferation of murine macrophages without significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μM. In addition, the POH reduced the LPS-induced ROS and the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages.

Antifungal activity of components used for decontamination of dental prostheses on the growth of Candida albicans / Atividade antifúngica de produtos utilizados na descontaminação de próteses dentárias sobre o crescimento de Candida albicans

Introduction: The effectiveness of antimicrobial solutions employed in dental prosthesis decontamination is still uncertain. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of cleaners used in the decontamination of dental prostheses on the growth of Candida albicans. Material and method: The evaluated products were: Corega Tabs(r) (S1), Sodium Hypochlorite 1% (S2), Sodium Bicarbonate 1% (S3), Hydrogen Peroxide 1% (S4), Chlorhexidine Digluconate 0.12% - Periogard (r) (S5), Mouthrinse based on essential oils - Listerine(r) (S6), essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) at concentrations of 1% (S7) and 2% (S8). The antifungal activity of the products was evaluated by agar diffusion technique and the determination of microbial death curve of samples of C. albicans (ATCC 90028) in concentration 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL. The tests were performed in triplicate and statistical analysis was made by ANOVA Two-Way and Tukey tests, with the confidence level of 95%. Result: The average of the zones of inhibition growth, in millimeters, obtained for the products were: 0.0 (S1), 44.7 (S2), 0.0 (S3), 21.6 (S4), 10.0 (S5), 6.1 (S6), 0.0 (S7) and 2.4 (S8). Considering the determination of microbial death curve, all products showed a statistical difference (p<0.01) from control (0.85% sodium chloride) and S3 groups. Fungal growth less than 2×104 CFU/mL and an accentuation of the microbial death curve were observed after 30 minutes, with exception for S3 and control groups. Conclusion: The studied compounds, with the exception of Sodium Bicarbonate, have antifungal effect against C. albicans, which contribute for dental prostheses hygiene. .

Introdução: A efetividade de soluções antimicrobianas empregadas na descontaminação de próteses ainda é incerta. Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antifúngica de soluções empregadas na descontaminação de próteses sobre o crescimento de Candida albicans. Material e método: Foram avaliados os produtos: Corega Tabs Branqueador(r) (S1), Hipoclorito de Sódio 1% (S2), Bicarbonato de Sódio 1% (S3), Peróxido de Hidrogênio 1% (S4), Digluconato de Clorexidina 0,12% - Periogard(r) (S5), Enxaguatório bucal a base de óleos essenciais - Listerine(r) (S6), e óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) nas concentrações 1% (S7) e 2% (S8). A atividade antifúngica foi avaliada por meio da técnica de difusão em ágar e da determinação da curva de morte microbiana de amostras de C. albicans (ATCC 90028) na concentração 1,5×106 UFC/mL. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata e a análise estatística se deu pelos testes ANOVA Two-Way e Tukey, sendo adotado nível de confiança de 95%. Resultado: A média dos halos de inibição do crescimento, em milímetros, obtidos para os produtos foram: 0,0 (S1); 44,7 (S2); 0,0 (S3); 21,6 (S4); 10,0 (S5); 6,1 (S6); 0,0 (S7) e 2,4 (S8). Para curva de morte microbiana, todos os produtos apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) do grupo controle (cloreto de sódio 0,85%) e do grupo S3. Verificou-se crescimento fúngico inferior a 2×104 UFC/mL e acentuação na curva de morte microbiana após 30 minutos de ação, a exceção do grupo S3. Conclusão: As substâncias analisadas, a exceção do Bicarbonato de Sódio, possuem ação antifúngica frente C. albicans, podendo contribuir para higienização de próteses. .

Atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis sobre a cinética do crescimento de Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis / Antifungal activity of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on growth kinetics of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis sobre a cinética do crescimento de Candida albicans (ATCC289065) e C. tropicalis (ATCC40042). Material e Métodos: Em tubos de vidro estéreis foram adicionados 1,8mL de Caldo Sabouraud Dextrose, 0,2mL das suspensões fúngicas (1,5x10 elevado a 6UFC/mL) e 2mL da diluição do óleo essencial de R. officinalis nas concentrações 2% e 1%. Posteriormente, realizou-se a semeadura de 10µL das soluções testadas nos tempos zero, 30, 60 e 120 minutos. Após incubação a 37ºC por 24 horas, determinou-se o total de UFC/mL para cada amostra. A Solução de Hipoclorito de Sódio a 0,5% e o meio de cultura sem a adição de antimicrobianos funcionaram como controle. Resultados: O R. officinalis provocou, para C. albicans e C. tropicalis, acentuação na curva de morte microbiana nos intervalos 30 minutos (<3,5x10 elevado a 4 UFC/mL) e 120 minutos (<9x10 elevado a 4UFC/mL), respectivamente. Para C. albicans, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante (p-valor<0,01) entre o controle de crescimento e o total de UFC/mL produzido pelos produtos testados. Para C. tropicalis, verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significante (p-valor<0,01) entre o efeito provocado pelo R. officinalis e o total de UFC/ml do controle de crescimento e do Hipoclorito de Sódio. Conclusão: O óleo essencial de R. officinalis apresentou ação antifúngica sobre o crescimento de C. albicans e C. tropicalis, destacando-se maior efeito diante do maior tempo de contato.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) on the growth kinetics of Candida albicans (ATCC289065) and C. tropicalis (ATCC40042). Methods: Into sterile glass tubes were inserted 1.8 mL of SabouraudDextrose broth, 0.2 mL of antifungal suspensions (1.5 x 10 the high 6 UFC/mL) and 2 mL of the dilution of R. officinalis essential oil at 2% and 1%. Posteriorly, 10ìL of the test solutions were sowed on plates at the times: zero, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. After incubation at 37 ° C for 24 hours, the counting of CFU/ mL for each sample was determined. Sodium hypochlorite solution at 0.5% and antimicrobial-free culture media were used as controls. Results: Upon C. albicans and C. tropicalis, R. officinalis intensified microbial death curve at 30 minutes (<3.5 x 10 the high 4 CFU/mL) and 120 minutes (<9 x 10 the high 4 CFU/mL), respectively. On C. albicans, statistically significant difference (p<0.01) was found between growth control and total CFU/mL promoted by the test products. Against C. tropicalis, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) was verified between the effect caused by R. officinalis and the total CFU/mL of growth control and sodium hypochlorite. Conclusion: It was concluded that Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil showed antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis, and better effects were observed in a longer contact time.

Evidência científica em pesquisas sobre câncer bucal, publicadas na base de dados Scielo, no período de 2001 a 2011 / Scientific evidence in oral cancer researches published in the Scielo database for the period 2001-2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o nível de evidência científica dos artigos indexados na base de dados SciELO, sobre o tema câncer bucal, de 2001 a 2011. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se abordagem indutiva, com procedimento estatístico descritivo, técnica de documentação direta. Realizou-se a busca de artigos que abordavam o tema na base de dado SciELO com os descritores: câncer bucal; neoplasias de glândulas salivares; carcinoma de células escamosas; quimioterapia; radioterapia. Os artigos foram classificados quanto à evidência científica que a ordem crescente do Grau de Evidência Científica (GEC) é: Opinião de Experts e Relato de Caso (GEC1); Estudo Experimental de Caso Único/ Série de Casos (GEC2), Estudos Descritivos (GEC3); Estudos Quase-experimentais (GEC4); Estudo Caso-Controle (GEC5); Estudo Coorte (GEC6); Ensaio Clínico Aleatório (GEC7); Revisão Sistemática com Metanálise ou sem (GEC8). Foi coletado também à área de conhecimento do artigo. RESULTADOS: A partir da análise de 150 artigos, foi identificado o GEC das publicações, sendo GEC1: 30,0% (n=45), GEC2: 8,0% (n=12), GEC3: 47,3% (n=71), GEC4: 4,0% (n=6), GEC5: 2,6% (n=4), GEC6: 6,6% (n=10), GEC7: 0,6% (n=1), GEC8: 0,6% (n=1). Quanto a área de conhecimento do artigo temos, tratamento: 38,6% (n=58); diagnóstico: 33,3% (n=50); epidemiologia: 19,3% (n=29); prevenção: 4,6% (n=7) e prognóstico: 4,0% (n=6). CONCLUSÃO: Os artigos analisados possuem pequena força de evidência, concentrando-se em Estudo Descritivo (GEC3) e na área do tratamento de câncer bucal

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the scientific evidence level of articles indexed in the SciELO database addressing oral cancer, from 2001 to 2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was used an inductive approach, with descriptive statistical procedures, and direct documentation technique. Were conducted searches for articles that addressed the topic in SciELO database by using the descriptors: oral cancer, salivary gland neoplasms, squamous cell carcinoma, chemotherapy; radiotherapy. The articles were classified according to scientific evidence stated by the increasing degree of Scientific Evidence (GEC): Expert Opinion and Case Report (GEC1); Single Case Experimental Study / Case Series (GEC2); Descriptive Studies (GEC3); Quasi-experimental studies (GEC4); Case-Control Study (GEC5); Cohort Study (GEC6); Randomized Clinical Trial (GEC7); Systematic Review with or without Meta-analysis (GEC8). It was also collected the of knowledge related to the article. RESULTS: From the analyses of 150 papers, it was identified the GEC for the publications, as follows: GEC1: 30.0% (n=45); GEC2: 8.0% (n=12); GEC3: 47.3% (n=71); GEC4: 4.0% (n=6); GEC5: 2.6% (n=4); GEC6: 6.6% (n=10); GEC7: 0.6% (n=1); and GEC8: 0.6% (n=1). As regards the of knowledge, it was found: treatment: 38.6% (n=58); diagnosis: 33.3% (n=50); epidemiology: 19.3% (n=29); prevention: 4.6 % (n=7) and prognosis: 4.0% (n=6). CONCLUSION: The articles analyzed have small force of evidence, focusing on descriptive study (GEC3) and on oral cancer treatment.