[The inhibition by interferon type I of the initial phase of experimental salmonellosis]. / Ingibirovanie interferonom 1-go tipa nachal'noi fazy éksperimental'nogo sal'monelleza.

Using the bacteriological methods the level of the genus Salmonella representative histadhesion to intestinal mucosa was evaluated. Balb/c mice and Salmonella typhimurium 415 strain were used for investigation. Native homologous I type interferon was injected to experimental animals 24 before the experiment in a dose of 1000 U/mice. "False" interferon was administered to the control group animals. It was established that the level of Salmonella histadhesion in mice of the experimental group was an order less than in control. Study of the parameters of the process of Salmonella interaction with intestinal mucosa showed that the challenge dose of Salmonella typhimurium 24 after interferon injection must be 7 times higher for the control mice than for experimental ones. Thus, the barrier function of intestinal mucosa after administration of the native I type interferon in vivo increased 7 times.

[The lymphokine-mediated activation of effector cells in the natural resistance system induced by gamma-interferon]. / Limfokin-oposredovannaia aktivatsiia kletok-éffektorov sistemy estestvennoi rezistentnosti, indutsirovannaia gamma-interferonom.

Some mechanisms of biologic action of gamma-interferon (INF) agents have been studied in mice systems in vivo. The obtained results testify to the possibility of existence of inductor mechanisms for activation of the effector cells of immunobiologic surveillance. It is supposed that gamma-INF is a binding chain of the natural host resistance.

[Gamma-interferon and the antibacterial activity of mouse macrophages in a Salmonella infection]. / Gamma-interferon i antibakterial'naia aktivnost' makrofagov myshei pri sal'monelleznoi infektsii.

The influence of natural and recombinant mouse gamma-interferon (gamma-IF) on Salmonella typhimurium was experimentally studied. The preparations of gamma-IF were introduced into animals in a dose of 250 units per mouse according to different schedules before and after Salmonella inoculation. In these experiments the capacity of the animals for survival, the elimination of the infective agent from the body and the functional activity of peritoneal exudate macrophages were studied. Natural and recombinant gamma-IF was found to stimulate the ingestion activity and oxidizing metabolism of macrophages of the infected animals. At the same time the preparations of gamma-IF were not capable of enhancing the intracellular killing of salmonellae and tumor cells. Recombinant gamma-IF did not prevent the lethal outcome of S. typhimurium infection in mice and did not increase the elimination of the infective agent from the body. Natural gamma-IF, when introduced into mice in a dose of 250 units per mouse on days 1, 3 and 6 after Salmonella inoculation, ensured the survival rate of more than 80% of the animals, but did not essentially influence the dynamics of the elimination of the infective agent from the host body.

[The antibacterial effects of homologous interferons in an experimental staphylococcal infection]. / Antibakterial'nye éffekty gomologichnykh interferonov pri éksperimental'noi stafilokokkovoi infektsii.

Homologous interferons (IF) of the 1st and 2nd types are studied for their effect on the course of experimental staphylococcal infection. A model of intracutaneous infection of animals is used. Survival of mice, dynamics of the agent elimination from the organism, functional activity of phagocytes in dynamics of the infectious process during IF administration are studied. Only preparations of natural IF are found to possess a protective effect. The recombinant gamma-IF does not prevents from the mouse death and exerts no effect on the dynamics of elimination of agents from the organism.

[Antibacterial effects of gamma-interferon in experimental Klebsiella infection]. / Antibakterial'nye éffekty Gamma-interferona pri éksperimental'noi klebsielleznoi infektsii.

The results of the experimental study on the effect of the natural and recombinant gamma-interferons (gamma-IFs) of mice on the process of the infection caused by Klebsiella sp. are presented. The infection was reproduced by intraperitoneal contamination of mice with a virulent culture of Klebsiella pneumoniae 5055, line SHK. The gamma-IFs were administered to the animals in a dose of 250 units per mouse on days 1 and 3 after the contamination. Survival of the animals, clearance of the pathogen from the blood and liver and functional activity of the phagocytes in the contaminated mice were investigated. It was shown that both the natural and recombinant gamma-IF stimulated the phagocytic activity and oxidative metabolism of the phagocytes in the contaminated mice. Activation of these functions after the use of the natural gamma-IF correlated with its marked protective effect and accelerated elimination of the pathogen from the host which was not observed after the use of the recombinant gamma-IF.

[Effects of interferon preparations on the course of Salmonella infection (experimental and clinical studies)]. / Vliianie preparatov interferona na techenie salmonelleznoi infektsii (éksperimentalnoe i klinicheskoe issledovanie).

The effect of type I interferons on the process of experimental salmonellosis in mice and rabbits, as well as their effect on salmonellosis in patients was studied. It was shown that homologous interferon increased the animal survival rate, activated bactericidal activity of the phagocytic cells and increased elimination of the infectious agents from the host. The complex of the etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment of 32 patients with salmonellosis included human leukocytic interferon, leukinferon. It was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 1 x 10(4)-2 x 10(4) IU: three injections at intervals of 48 to 72 hours (the treatment course). The course was repeated 10 days after the last injection of the first course. Addition of leukinferon to the routine scheme of the medicinal treatment of salmonellosis provided recovery of all the patients without complications or appearance of the bacteria carriers (the observation period of more than 3 years).

[Interferon type I in protective body reactions in an experimental Klebsiella infection]. / Interferon tipa I v zashchitnykh reaktsiiakh organizma pri éksperimental'noi klebsielleznoi infektsii.

The study on mice with experimental generalized Klebsiella infection, carried out with the use of microbiologic, immunologic and pathomorphologic methods, revealed that the intraperitoneal injection of type I interferon into the animals prevented their death and led to the rapid elimination of the infective agent from their body, enhanced the phagocytic and metabolic activity of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes of their peritoneal exudate, decreased the manifestation of microcirculatory and dystrophic changes in the parenchyma of their internal organs.

[The effect of leukinferon on the activity of phagocytosing cells in human salmonellosis]. / Vliianie leikinferona na aktivnost' fagotsitiruiushchikh kletok pri sal'monellezakh u liudei.

The functional activity of phagocytic cells in 52 salmonellosis patients was studied with regard to the following characteristics: percent share of phagocytosis, phagocytic index, nitro blue tetrazolium test results, digestive activity. In patients with the unfavorable course of salmonellosis (the formation of carrier state) disturbances in the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and monocytes were established. For 32 patients leukinferon was included in the complex of etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment. The preparation was introduced in 3 intramuscular injections of 10,000 I. U. at intervals of 48 hours (the course of treatment); 10 days after the last injection this course was repeated. The use of leukinferon restored the normal functioning of phagocytes and the number of T-lymphocytes.

[The protective action of interferon type I in experimental Salmonella infection]. / Izuchenie protektivnogo deistviia interferona I tipa pri éksperimental'noi sal'monelleznoi infektsii.

The effect of interferon, type 1, on the course of Salmonella infection in mice has been studied. The study has shown that the injection of homologous interferon of type 1 leads to the rapid elimination of the infective agent from the blood and organs of infected mice. Morphological study has shown that the injection of the preparations of interferon of type 1 may diminish pathological changes in the organs of the infected animals and the coagulation system of their blood.

[Effect of type I interferon on the course of endotoxic shock]. / Vliianie interferona I tipa na techenie éndotoksinovogo shoka.

The effect of type I interferon (IF) on the course of endotoxic shock was studied by morphological methods. It was found that preliminary (24 hours earlier) injection of preparations of homologous IF (10(3) ME) to ABLb/c and CC57 W mice sensitive to salmonella infection prevented the death of 90% of animals from a lethal toxic dose of the endotoxin or killed salmonellae. Preliminary injection of IF reduced sharply the intensity of morphological changes during all periods of the study. IF mitigates the toxic effect exerted on the cell and tissue structure both by increasing the functional activity of phagocytes, facilitating in this way elimination of the endotoxin from the body, and by increasing cell resistance to the direct effect of the bacterial toxin, which is just what determines its protective antitoxic effect. It was established that IF prevents the development of the most grave changes--thrombosis of the microcirculatory bed of vitally important organs by hindering the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation of blood, which determines the severity and outcome of shock.

[Changes in the bactericidal activity of macrophages from mice with various degrees of resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection as affected by interferon]. / Izmenenie bakteritsidnoi aktivnosti makrofagov myshei s razlichnoi ustoichivost'iu k infektsii Salmonella typhimurium pod deistviem interferona.

The bactericidal activity of mouse macrophages with different sensitivity to Salmonella infection has been studied. The sensitivity of BALB/c mice to S. typhimurium infection is associated with the low bactericidal activity of their macrophages. The introduction of interferon stimulates the bactericidal activity of macrophages sensitive to Salmonella infection of mice, which sharply enhances the resistance of the animals to this infection.

[Interferon activation of the production of a factor increasing the bactericidal properties of mouse macrophages]. / Aktivatsiia interferonom vyrabotki faktora, povyshaiushchego bakteritsidnost' makrofagov myshei.

It has been established that the administration of homologous interferon to mice activates the production by splenocytes of a factor increasing the bactericidal properties of macrophages in the peritoneal exudate. The activation effect was dose-dependent. The maximum production was noted on day 3 after the injection of interferon, type I, or its inducers. Cell-producers of the factor are mainly lymphocytes.

[Prevention of the formation of the infectious process with biologically active thymic factors in the Salmonella typhimurium challenge of mice coincident with macrophage activation]. / Predotvrashchenie formirovaniia infektsionnogo protsessa biologicheski aktivnymi faktorami timusa pri zarazhenii myshei Salmonella typhimurium, sovpadaiushchee s aktivatsiei makrofagov.

A single injection of thymostimulin into mice in a dose of 45 micrograms/kg b.w. enhances the functional activity of macrophages, reaching it maximum on day 10, which prevents the formation of an infectious process in mice challenged with S. typhimurium (LD50). The irradiation of the animals in a sublethal dose leads to the complete abolition of the stimulating effect of thymostimulin on macrophages. The presence of an inducer mechanism of the activation of macrophages by thymostimulin, realized in the production of lymphokines, is suggested.

[Interferon enhances the bactericidal activity of peritoneal exudate macrophages against Salmonella typhimurium in mice]. / Interferon povyshaet bakteritsidnuiu aktivnost' makrofagov peritoneal'nogo ékssudata myshei protiv Salmonella typhimurium.

The treatment of macrophages of mouse peritoneal exudate has been found to enhance their bactericidal activity with respect to S. typhimurium. This activation depends on the dose of interferon and the cells/bacteria ratio. The action of interferon is species-specific.

[Effect of interferon type I on the in vivo persistence of Salmonella typhimurium]. / Vliianie interferona tipa I na persistentsiiu Salmonella typhimurium in vivo.

The influence of type I interferon on the persistence of S. typhimurium in the body of mice has been studied. The injection of the preparation of interferon has been shown to be conductive to the survival of the animals and to reduce the time of Salmonella persistence in the body. The injection of interferon enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the peritoneal exudate of mice.

[Prevention of the chronic persistence of typhoid microbes in rabbits with thymostimulin]. / Preduprezhdenie khronicheskoi persistentsii briushnotifoznykh mikrobov u krolikov timostimulinom.

Typhoid infection was reproduced by introducing the infective agent into the bone marrow of noninbred rabbits. After the injection of thymostimulin on the first day of infection the release of typhoid bacilli continued for 1-3 weeks; when thymostimulin was injected on day 20, the release of typhoid bacilli stopped in two weeks. In the control group the release of typhoid bacilli continued during the whole term of observation. The injection of thymostimulin at an early period after infection was thus found to prevent the development of chronic typhoid infection with the elimination of the infective agent from the body of rabbits.