Patient's perspective on long-term complications after superficial parotidectomy for benign lesions: Prospective analysis of a 2-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of patients' perspective on long-term complications after superficial parotidectomy for benign lesions. DESIGN: A prospective nonrandomized controlled multicenter study. SETTING: Three university-based tertiary referral centers (Departments of Otorhinolaryngology of Cologne, Jena and Giessen; all in Germany). PARTICIPANTS: 130 adult patients, who underwent a primary superficial parotidectomy for benign tumors of the parotid gland, were consecutively included from 09/2010 to 05/2012. 61 patients completed every follow-up examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Complications were evaluated using the validated German-language questionnaire Parotidectomy Outcome Inventory 8 at six, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Pain intensity was assessed on a numeric rating scale (NRS) at each follow-up visit. RESULTS: At 6 months after surgery, 90% characterized hypoesthesia as the most disturbing problem, followed by fear of revision surgery (57%) and scar (56%). Facial palsy (14%) posed the minor problem. Hypoesthesia improved significantly during the follow-up period (all P < .05), but still posed a problem for 78% of the patients after 2 years. Pain, which initially bothered 53% of the patients, significantly decreased, whereas impairment due to Frey's syndrome significantly increased during the follow-up (6 vs 24 months; P = .002 and P = .001, respectively). Scar, substance loss, xerostomia, facial palsy, and anxiety affected patients with unvarying severity during the 2 years (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: From patients' perspective, sensation loss posed the major subjective problem after superficial parotidectomy. Appearance of the scar, and fear of revision surgery impaired more than 50% of the patients in their daily life without significant improvement during the 2 years postoperatively. Although superficial parotidectomy is a highly standardized and safe procedure, limited parotidectomy for proven benign parotid salivary gland neoplasms is more likely to result in patients with minimal or no displeasing complications.

[Surgical Simulation Models for Sialendoscopy]. / Trainingsmodelle für die Sialendoskopie.

OBJECTIVE: Different simulation models are in use to teach the technique of sialendoscopy. Only a few reports in literature deal with this topic with no comparison having been published, yet. We therefore asked sialendoscopy training course participants about our applied models by using a questionnaire. Material und Methods: A tube-, a pepper-, a porcine kidney-, and a pig head-model were developed as training models and used during 6 consecutive practical sialendoscopy courses from 2012 to 2014. Participants were asked to answer a questionnaire specifically designed to assess the value of the different training models. RESULTS: All respondents (n=61) rated all training models positively. However, porcine kidney- and pig head-models were described to be superior, especially with respect to realistic simulation. Intubation of the papilla can be practised sufficiently only in the pig head-model. The tube- and peppers-models have the advantage of being less expensive, easier to handle and cleaner. CONCLUSIONS: The models described are all useful in learning the sialendoscopy technique. However, they have distinct advantages and disadvantages making a combination of different models useful.

[Facial Disability Index and Facial Clinimetric Evaluation Scale: validation of the German versions]. / Facial Disability Index und Facial Clinimetric Evaluation Skala: Validierung der Deutschen Versionen.

BACKGROUND: A validated instrument to measure patient-related outcome and quality of life in facial palsy is not available in German language. METHODS: 2 appropriate questionnaires, the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) scale and the Facial Disability Index (FDI) were translated and validated according to international guidelines. The internal consistency of both German versions was assessed. The results of FaCE and FDI were correlated with results of the SF-36, the House-Brackmann scale and the Stennert index. RESULTS: 122 facial palsy patients with a median duration of 4.7 months were included. FaCE and FDI showed good to very good psychometric characteristics with Cronbach's alpha values between 0.667 and 0.907. Both questionnaires were able to distinguish different degrees of facial palsy. The comparison to the SF-36 shows the highest correlation with the subscale social function. DISCUSSION: The German versions of the FDI and FaCE are valid and should now be applied more frequently to assess the disease-specific quality of life in patients with facial palsy.

[EMG biofeedback training at home for patient with chronic facial palsy and defective healing]. / EMG Biofeedback Training zuhause zur Therapie der Defektheilung bei chronischer Fazialisparese.

BACKGROUND: There is no standard for the adjuvant treatment of patients with chronic facial palsy and defective healing. There is a lack of standard for mimic training programs with biofeedback technique. The advantages of modern EMG based biofeedback training have not been evaluated yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After detailed instruction 8 patients with facial palsy tested several types of electrodes and different EMG biofeedback programs without and with electrostimulation for selected mimic muscle activation, muscle relaxation, coordinated movements with the healthy contralateral side, as well as synchronous activation and relaxation of synkinetic muscle pairs at home. Feasibility, practical handling, training intensity and compliance were evaluated. RESULTS: Because of the mobility of the facial skin connected to the mimic muscles and the smallness of the muscles on the other hand, only one type of electrodes and one size was suitable. A step-wise treatment algorithm for the use of the different EMG biofeedback program was developed supporting the patient to specifically exercise deficits of defective healing at home. CONCLUSION: The proposed standardized algorithm to treat facial defective healing with EMG biofeedback is the basis for the evaluation of its efficacy in a subsequent clinical trial.

Chronic vocal cord palsy in Thuringia, Germany: a population-based study on epidemiology and outcome.

Although surgical treatment of patients with chronic vocal cord palsy (VCP) is an integral part of clinical routine of otorhinolaryngologists, there is nearly no population-based data published on incidence and efficiency of this surgery country-wide or nation-wide. 1430 patients with chronic VCP were treated in a department of otorhinolaryngology between 2005 and 2010 in Thuringia, Germany. VCP was unilateral and bilateral in 63 and 18%, respectively. The affected side was not documented in 20%. Iatrogenic lesions of the recurrent nerve (42%) and neoplastic infiltration (27%) were the leading etiologies. 192 patients (13%) received surgical treatment. 31% of patient needed more than one surgery. The rate of surgeries was higher for bilateral VCP (p < 0.0001). Vocal cord augmentation was the most frequent surgery for unilateral VCP and posterior cordectomy for bilateral VCP. The complication rate was high (16%), but not different between unilateral and bilateral VCP (p = 0.108). The risk for tracheostomy was higher in the bilateral VCP group (p < 0.0001). Voice improvement was better after treatment of unilateral VCP (p < 0.0001). Breathing improvement was more frequent after bilateral VCP (p = 0.028). Dysphagia did not improve significantly. The rate of better voice, breathing, and swallowing function was higher in patients treated surgically than without surgery (all p < 0.0001). The rate of patients admitted for treatment of vocal fold palsy was 9.9/100,000 habitants. The surgical rate of VCP was 1.38/100,000 habitants. This population-based analysis shows that surgery for VCP is performed with higher incidence than expected effectively, but with relevant risks in daily routine of otorhinolaryngologists.

Deficient functional recovery after facial nerve crush in rats is associated with restricted rearrangements of synaptic terminals in the facial nucleus.

Crush injuries of peripheral nerves typically lead to axonotmesis, axonal damage without disruption of connective tissue sheaths. Generally, human patients and experimental animals recover well after axonotmesis and the favorable outcome has been attributed to precise axonal reinnervation of the original peripheral targets. Here we assessed functionally and morphologically the long-term consequences of facial nerve axonotmesis in rats. Expectedly, we found that 5 months after crush or cryogenic nerve lesion, the numbers of motoneurons with regenerated axons and their projection pattern into the main branches of the facial nerve were similar to those in control animals suggesting precise target reinnervation. Unexpectedly, however, we found that functional recovery, estimated by vibrissal motion analysis, was incomplete at 2 months after injury and did not improve thereafter. The maximum amplitude of whisking remained substantially, by more than 30% lower than control values even 5 months after axonotmesis. Morphological analyses showed that the facial motoneurons ipsilateral to injury were innervated by lower numbers of glutamatergic terminals (-15%) and cholinergic perisomatic boutons (-26%) compared with the contralateral non-injured motoneurons. The structural deficits were correlated with functional performance of individual animals and associated with microgliosis in the facial nucleus but not with polyinnervation of muscle fibers. These results support the idea that restricted CNS plasticity and insufficient afferent inputs to motoneurons may substantially contribute to functional deficits after facial nerve injuries, possibly including pathologic conditions in humans like axonotmesis in idiopathic facial nerve (Bell's) palsy.

Parotidectomy and submandibulectomy for benign diseases in Thuringia, Germany: a population-based study on epidemiology and outcome.

Although salivary gland surgery for benign diseases is an integral part of clinical routine of head and neck surgeons, there is not many population-based data published on incidence and efficiency of this surgery. Parotidectomy was performed in 180 patients and submandibulectomy in 97 patients for benign diseases in eight otorhinolaryngology and two maxillofacial surgery departments in Thuringia, Germany, in 2005. All patients were analysed regarding patients' characteristics, therapy, complications and further course of disease. Predominant indications were epithelial tumours for parotidectomy (79 %) and sialolithiasis for submandibulectomy (50 %). The most frequent tumour types were pleomorphic adenoma (46 %) and Warthin tumours (29 %). Pleomorphic adenoma was significantly more frequent in female patients and Warthin tumours in male patients and smokers. The incidence of parotidectomy, i.e. the surgical rate, was 7.8/100,000 habitants and of submandibulectomy 4.1/100,000 habitants. One hundred and seventy-eight tumours including 154 epithelial tumours resulted in an incidence of 7.6/100,000 habitants for all treated tumours and of 6.6/100,000 for epithelial tumours, respectively. The majority of parotid cases were treated by lateral parotidectomy (79 %). Relevant complications were observed in 22 % of patients. After parotidectomy and submandibulectomy a postoperative facial palsy was observed in 28 and 2 % of cases, respectively. Only 1 % was permanent. During a mean follow-up time of 9.6 months, 3 % of parotidectomy patients developed a Frey's syndrome needing treatment and 0.8 % developed a tumour recurrence. This population-based analysis shows that salivary gland surgery is performed in higher incidence than expected, effectively and with low-risk in daily routine of head and neck surgeons.

[Impact of scientific publications of German otorhinolaryngologist in international comparison]. / Deutsche wissenschaftliche Publikationen in der HNO-Heilkunde im internationalen Vergleich.

BACKGROUND: The value of German publications in otorhinolaryngology in comparison to the international community has not been analyzed in detail yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the Web of Science ® data base a quantitative bibliometric analysis of publications in the field of otorhinolaryngology was performed for the years 2000-2010. We compared countries, institutions and individual authors in relation to the whole field of otorhinolaryngology and to special topics. RESULTS: 57 157 ENT-publications were identified for the period between 2000 and 2010. The second most number, 12 % of the publications came from Germany. Ranking the authors with most publications, 6 German scientists could be found on the fi rst 20 ranks. USA, Japan, and Germany were the dominating countries looking on publication for the subspecialties. From Germany originated the most publications for the topics smell and taste disorders. CONCLUSION: Publications form German institutions in the field of clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology have a high impact in international comparison. German authors could be found in all subspecialties of otorhinolaryngology on the top 3 places.

[Sialendoscopy--learning curve and nation-wide survey in German ENT-departments]. / Sialendoskopie--Lernkurve und Verbreitung in deutschen HNO-Kliniken.

BACKGROUND: Sialendoscopy is an established, minimal-invasive technique to diagnose and treat obstructive diseases of major salivary glands. Knowledge on learning curve and distribution in Germany is limited. MATERIAL UND METHODS: An 11 item questionnaire on Sialendoscopy was sent to all 159 German ent-hospitals. To determine the learning curve, all patients that underwent sialendoscopy during a 1-year-period after invention of sialendoscopy in our department were prospectively followed and evaluated. RESULTS: Sialendoscopy is currently performed in a minority (24%) of ent-departments in Germany. Denial was justified by technical problems, a lack of cost-benefit and small number of patients in descending order. A significant reduction of intervention time (61.0 ± 32.7 min to 43.2 ± 33.6 min, p=0.013) and less frequent aborted operations were noted after comparison of the first vs. the second half amount of interventions as indicators of a learning curve. Complications were not found to be significantly raised in the first half of interventions. CONCLUSION: The fact that sialendoscopy is provided in only a minority of ent-departments will in the future most likely be overcome by technical improvements. A learning curve has to be anticipated.