Biochemical characterization of uracil processing activities in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

Deamination of cytosine to uracil and 5-methylcytosine to thymine represents a major mutagenic threat particularly at high temperatures. In double-stranded DNA, these spontaneous hydrolytic reactions give rise to G.U and G.T mispairs, respectively, that must be restored to G.C pairs prior to the next round of DNA replication; if left unrepaired, 50% of progeny DNA would acquire G.C --> A.T transition mutations. The genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum has been recently shown to encode a protein, Pa-MIG, a member of the endonuclease III family, capable of processing both G.U and G.T mispairs. We now show that this latter activity is undetectable in crude extracts of P. aerophilum. However, uracil residues in G.U mispairs, in A.U pairs, and in single-stranded DNA were efficiently removed in these extracts. These activities were assigned to a approximately 22-kDa polypeptide named Pa-UDG (P. aerophilum uracil-DNA glycosylase). The recombinant Pa-UDG protein is highly thermostable and displays a considerable degree of homology to the recently described uracil-DNA glycosylases from Archaeoglobus fulgidus and Thermotoga maritima. Interestingly, neither Pa-MIG nor Pa-UDG was inhibited by UGI, a generic inhibitor of the UNG family of uracil glycosylases. Yet a small fraction of the total uracil processing activity present in crude extracts of P. aerophilum was inhibited by this peptide. This implies that the hyperthermophilic archaeon possesses at least a three-pronged defense against the mutagenic threat of hydrolytic deamination of cytosines in its genomic DNA.

Leaderless transcripts of the crenarchaeal hyperthermophile Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

We mapped transcription start sites for ten unrelated protein-encoding Pyrobaculum aerophilum genes by primer extension and S(1) nuclease mapping. All of the mapped transcripts start at the computationally predicted translation start codons, two of which were supported by N-terminal protein sequencing. A whole genome computational analysis of the regions from -50 to +50 nt around the predicted translation starts codons revealed a clear upstream pattern matching the consensus sequence of the archaeal TATA box located unusually close to the translation starts. For genes with the TATA boxes that best matched the consensus sequence, the distance between the TATA box and the translation start codon appears to be shorter than 30 nt. Two other promoter elements distinguished were also found unusually close to the translation start codons: a transcription initiator element with significant elevation of C and T frequencies at the -1 position and a BRE element with more frequent A bases at position -29 to -32 (counting from the translation start site). We also show that one of the mapped genes is transcribed as the first gene of an operon. For a set of genes likely to be internal in operons the upstream signal extracted by computer analysis was a Shine-Dalgarno pattern matching the complementary sequence of P. aerophilum 16 S rRNA. Together these results suggest that the translation of proteins encoded by single genes or genes that are first in operons in the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon P. aerophilum proceeds mostly, if not exclusively, through leaderless transcripts. Internal genes in operons are likely to undergo translation via a mechanism that is facilitated by ribosome binding to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

A thermostable endonuclease III homolog from the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

Pyrimidine adducts in cellular DNA arise from modification of the pyrimidine 5,6-double bond by oxidation, reduction or hydration. The biological outcome includes increased mutation rate and potential lethality. A major DNA N:-glycosylase responsible for the excision of modified pyrimidine bases is the base excision repair (BER) glycosylase endonuclease III, for which functional homologs have been identified and characterized in Escherichia coli, yeast and humans. So far, little is known about how hyperthermophilic Archaea cope with such pyrimidine damage. Here we report characterization of an endonuclease III homolog, PaNth, from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum, whose optimal growth temperature is 100 degrees C. The predicted product of 223 amino acids shares significant sequence homology with several [4Fe-4S]-containing DNA N:-glycosylases including E.coli endonuclease III (EcNth). The histidine-tagged recombinant protein was expressed in E.coli and purified. Under optimal conditions of 80-160 mM NaCl and 70 degrees C, PaNth displays DNA glycosylase/ss-lyase activity with the modified pyrimidine base 5,6-dihydrothymine (DHT). This activity is enhanced when DHT is paired with G. Our data, showing the structural and functional similarity between PaNth and EcNth, suggests that BER of modified pyrimidines may be a conserved repair mechanism in Archaea. Conserved amino acid residues are identified for five subfamilies of endonuclease III/UV endonuclease homologs clustered by phylogenetic analysis.

Selecting protein targets for structural genomics of Pyrobaculum aerophilum: validating automated fold assignment methods by using binary hypothesis testing.

Three-dimensional protein folds were assigned to all ORFs of the recently sequenced genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. Binary hypothesis testing was used to estimate a confidence level for each assignment. A separate test was conducted to assign a probability for whether each sequence has a novel fold-i.e., one that is not yet represented in the experimental database of known structures. Of the 2,130 predicted nontransmembrane proteins in this organism, 916 matched a fold at a cumulative 90% confidence level, and 245 could be assigned at a 99% confidence level. Likewise, 286 proteins were predicted to have a previously unobserved fold with a 90% confidence level, and 14 at a 99% confidence level. These statistically based tools are combined with homology searches against the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) human genetics database and other protein databases for the selection of attractive targets for crystallographic or NMR structure determination. Results of these studies have been collated and placed at http://www.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/people/parag/P A_HOME/, the University of California, Los Angeles-Department of Energy Pyrobaculum aerophilum web site.

Cloning and characterization of a new member of the Nudix hydrolases from human and mouse.

Proteins containing the Nudix box "GX(5)EX(7)REUXEEXGU" (where U is usually Leu, Val, or Ile) are Nudix hydrolases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of a variety of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Here we report cloning and characterization of a human cDNA encoding a novel nudix hydrolase NUDT5 for the hydrolysis of ADP-sugars. The deduced amino acid sequence of NUDT5 contains 219 amino acids, including a conserved Nudix box sequence. The recombinant NUDT5 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. At the optimal pH of 7, the purified recombinant NUDT5 catalyzed hydrolysis of two major substrates ADP-ribose and ADP-mannose with K(m) values of 32 and 83 microM, respectively; the V(max) for ADP-mannose was about 1.5 times that with ADP-ribose. The murine NUDT5 homolog was also cloned and characterized. mNudT5 has 81% amino acid identity to NUDT5 with catalytic activities similar to NUDT5 under the optimal pH of 9. Both NUDT5 and mNudT5 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in tissues analyzed with preferential abundance in liver. The genomic structures of both NUDT5 and mNudT5 were determined and located on human chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 2, respectively. The role of NUDT5 in maintaining levels of free ADP-ribose in cells is discussed.

Characterization of a thermostable DNA glycosylase specific for U/G and T/G mismatches from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

U/G and T/G mismatches commonly occur due to spontaneous deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine in double-stranded DNA. This mutagenic effect is particularly strong for extreme thermophiles, since the spontaneous deamination reaction is much enhanced at high temperature. Previously, a U/G and T/G mismatch-specific glycosylase (Mth-MIG) was found on a cryptic plasmid of the archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, a thermophile with an optimal growth temperature of 65 degrees C. We report characterization of a putative DNA glycosylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum, whose optimal growth temperature is 100 degrees C. The open reading frame was first identified through a genome sequencing project in our laboratory. The predicted product of 230 amino acids shares significant sequence homology to [4Fe-4S]-containing Nth/MutY DNA glycosylases. The histidine-tagged recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. It is thermostable and displays DNA glycosylase activities specific to U/G and T/G mismatches with an uncoupled AP lyase activity. It also processes U/7,8-dihydro-oxoguanine and T/7,8-dihydro-oxoguanine mismatches. We designate it Pa-MIG. Using sequence comparisons among complete bacterial and archaeal genomes, we have uncovered a putative MIG protein from another hyperthermophilic archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix. The unique conserved amino acid motifs of MIG proteins are proposed to distinguish MIG proteins from the closely related Nth/MutY DNA glycosylases.

A thermostable vacuolar-type membrane pyrophosphatase from the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum: implications for the origins of pyrophosphate-energized pumps.

Vacuolar-type H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatases (V-PPases) have been considered to be restricted to plants, a few species of phototrophic proteobacteria and protists. Here, we describe PVP, a thermostable, sequence-divergent V-PPase from the facultatively aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. PVP shares only 38% sequence identity with both the prototypical V-PPase from Arabidopsis thaliana and the H(+)-PPi synthase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, yet possesses most of the structural features characteristic of V-PPases. Heterologous expression of PVP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields a M(r) 64¿ omitted¿000 membrane polypeptide that specifically catalyzes Mg(2+)-dependent PPi hydrolysis. The existence of PVP implies that PPi-energized H(+)-translocation is phylogenetically more deeply rooted than previously thought.

Whole genome-based phylogenetic analysis of free-living microorganisms.

A phylogenetic 'tree of life' has been constructed based on the observed presence and absence of families of protein-encoding genes observed in 11 complete genomes of free-living microorganisms. Past attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary relation-ships of microorganisms have been limited to sets of genes rather than complete genomes. Despite apparent rampant lateral gene transfer among microorganisms, these results indicate a single robust underlying evolutionary history for these organisms. Broadly, the tree produced is very similar to the small subunit rRNA tree although several additional phylogenetic relationships appear to be resolved, including the relationship of Archaeoglobus to the methanogens studied. This result is in contrast to notions that a robust phylogenetic reconstruction of microorganisms is impossible due to their genomes being composed of an incomprehensible amalgam of genes with complicated histories and suggests that this style of genome-wide phylogenetic analysis could become an important method for studying the ancient diversification of life on Earth. Analyses using informational and operational subsets of the genes showed that this 'tree of life' is not dependent on the phylogenetically more consistent informational genes.

A novel Rieske iron-sulfur protein from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum: sequencing of the gene, expression in E. coli and characterization of the protein.

The crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum is with an optimal growth temperature of 100 degrees C one of the most thermophilic organisms known to possess an aerobic respiratory chain. The analysis of DNA sequences from the Pyrobaculum genome project lead to the identification of an open reading frame potentially coding for a Rieske iron-sulfur protein. The complete gene (named parR) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence displays unusual amino acid exchanges and a so far unknown sequence insertion. The N-terminus shows similarities to bacterial signal sequences. Several forms of the gene were expressed in E. coli in order to verify the classification as a Rieske protein and to facilitate biophysical studies. Soluble, thermo-stable proteins with correctly inserted iron-sulfur clusters were expressed from two versions of the gene. The delta1-23 truncated holo-protein is redox active. It displays the typical spectroscopic properties of a Rieske protein. The redox potential was determined to be +215 mV at pH 6.5 and is pH dependent above pH 7.5 revealing the influence of two protonation equilibria with pKa values of 8.1 and 9.8. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the parR protein clusters together with the two other available archaeal Rieske sequences from Sulfolobus on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree apart from the proteins from thermophilic bacteria like Aquifex and Thermus.

A fosmid-based genomic map and identification of 474 genes of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

We have constructed a physical map of the approximately 1.7-Mb genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. Derived from a 12x coverage genomic fosmid library with an average insert size of 36 Kb, the map consists of a single circular contig of 96 overlapping fosmid clones with 211 markers ordered along them. One hundred of the sequence markers have strong similarities to known genes. Many overlaps were also checked using restriction fingerprint analysis. This map is an important step in the elucidation of the sequence of the entire genome of Pyrobaculum aerophilum. To this end we have determined more than 95% of the genome with 15,000 random sequences. Each sequence has been screened against the public sequence databases to identify similarities to known genes. We report here a list of the 474 putative genes we have identified.

Genomic and cDNA sequence tags of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

The hyperthermophilic archaeum, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, grows optimally at 100 degrees C with a doubling time of 180 min. It is a member of the phylogenetically ancient Thermoproteales order, but differs significantly from all other members by its facultatively aerobic metabolism. Due to its simple cultivation requirements and its nearly 100% plating efficiency, it was chosen as a model organism for studying the genome organization of hyperthermophilic ancient archaea. By a G+C content of the DNA of 52 mol%, sequence analysis was easily possible. At least some of the mRNA of P. aerophilum carried poly-A tails facilitating the construction of a cDNA library. 245 sequence tags of a poly-A primed cDNA library and 55 sequence tags from a 1-2 kb Sau3AI-fragment containing genomic library were analyzed and the corresponding amino acid sequences compared with protein sequences from databases. Fourteen percent of the cDNA and >9% of genomic DNA sequence tags revealed significant similarities to proteins in the databases. Matches were obtained to proteins from archaeal, bacterial and eukaryal sources. Some sequences showed greatest similarity to eukaryal rather than to bacterial versions of proteins, other matches were found to proteins which had previously only been found in eukaryotes.