Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Some studies reported olfactory dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). There is no agreement about the most suitable testing method for measuring olfactory function (OF) in MS patients. Recent studies showed that olfactory bulb volume changes with the degree of olfactory dysfunction. We assessed olfactory bulb volume of MS patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and related it to the OF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Volumetric measurements of the right and left olfactory bulb (OB) were performed by manual segmentation within 36 MS patients. Psychophysical testing of the orthonasal OF was performed using threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) score in MS patients. RESULTS: Of all MS patients, 44.4% displayed olfactory dysfunction. The TDI score of all 36 MS patients, especially the score of the Identification subtest correlated strongly with neurological scores typical of MS. In patients with a decreased OB volume, there was a positive correlation between volumetry of the OB and OF. CONCLUSION: OB volumes may provide valuable information about MS patients with olfactory dysfunction. The TDI test and Identification subtest were very sensitive in detecting olfactory dysfunction in MS patients.

[Pathological changes of the chemosensory function in multiple sclerosis - an MRI study]. / Pathologische Veränderungen der Chemosensorik mittels Kernspintomografie bei Multipler Sklerose - eine MRT-Studie.

PURPOSE: To examine possible causes for olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in MS patients in a prospective study with MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 MS patients (21 women, 11 men, 22 - 65 years, Ø 42 years) were examined by MRI. The olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory brain volume was correlated with the number and volume of MS lesions in the olfactory brain and the non-olfactory brain. Olfactory testing was performed using the Threshold-Discrimination-Identification Test (TDI), and gustatory function was tested using the Taste-Strips-Test (TST). RESULTS: 33 % of the MS patients displayed olfactory dysfunction (8 % of the control group), and 17 % displayed gustatory dysfunction (5 % of the control group). There was a correlation between the olfactory brain volume and the number (r = -0.38, p < 0.05) and volume (r = -0.38, p < 0.05) of MS lesions in the olfactory brain. The olfactory brain volume correlated with the number of MS lesions in the non-olfactory brain (r = -0.48, p < 0.05). The volume of the left OB correlated with the volume of MS lesions in the olfactory brain (r = -0.42, p < 0.05), the number (r = 0.37, p < 0.05) and volume (r = 0.4, p < 0.05) of lesions in the left part of the olfactory brain and with the TST score (r = -0.45, p < 0.05). The TST score correlated with the volume of lesions in the left (r = -0.45, p < 0.05) and right part (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) of the olfactory brain. The TST score correlated with the number of lesions in the non-olfactory brain (r = -0.48, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The correlation between a higher number and volume of MS lesions in the olfactory brain with a decreased OB and olfactory brain volume could help to explain olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in MS patients. Just the left OB correlated with the number and volume of lesions in the olfactory brain. Manual segmentation was a suitable method for measuring OB and olfactory brain volume.

Why rejections are not biopsy proven: frequency and reasons.

BACKGROUND: Rejection still has a fundamental impact on patient and graft survivals after renal transplantation. Published studies vary widely in their reporting of biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) and non-BPAR rates. We undertook a systematic search of existing publications for reasons explaining this difference. Additionally, we analyzed our own population, which has a clearly defined biopsy strategy, to further investigate the rate of non-BPAR in routine clinical practice. METHODS: From large, multicenter, randomized, controlled trials investigating immunosuppressive regimens in de novo kidney transplant recipients, we extracted the rates of all reported rejections ("total" rate) versus BPAR. Non-BPAR was defined as the difference between "total" and BPAR. Additional analyses were performed for potential influencing factors, such as year of publication, number, and mean age of patients recruited and impact factor of the journal at the time of publication. We scanned all de novo adult patients undergoing kidney transplantation in our center between 1996 and 2004 for rejection episodes during the first year. RESULTS: The median rate of non-BPAR within the first year in 27 papers was 7% (range, 0%- 16.9%). Similarly, the relative proportion of non-BPAR showed large differences. We could not identify potential influencing factors to explain the large variability. Among our population, 136/365 patients (37.3%) experienced acute rejection episodes, with BPAR diagnosed in 90/365 patients (24.7%), yielding an absolute 12.6% rate of non-BPAR. CONCLUSION: Even centers with a well-defined biopsy strategy show a substantial proportion of non-BPAR episodes. Therefore, complete reporting of both BPAR and non-BPAR is important for the proper interpretation of study results.

[Process optimization in ENT: clinical pathways and central induction area]. / Prozessoptimierung in der HNO : Behandlungspfade und zentrale Einleitung.

INTRODUCTION: Owing to the rising costs in the health care system, it is now important to optimize processes through standardization and process consolidation. A lack of process consolidation in this area of operation or overly long durations of stay of patients in the hospital can lead to increased costs for the ENT department. The aim of this study was to examine whether process optimization could be achieved through close interdisciplinary networking with clinical pathways and central induction (CI). MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: In the 1-year periods before and after the implementation of CI, turnover times in the ENT department were retrospectively examined and 2,433 patients from the entire operative ENT spectrum were included. The average durations of stay before and after the implementation of the "septoplasty" pathway were additionally evaluated. RESULTS: ENT turnover times were significantly reduced after the introduction of CI. In comparison to the conventional anaesthesia process, the turnover times using CI were on average 10 min shorter. Furthermore, since the introduction of pathways, the duration of stay for ENT patients could be significantly reduced while simultaneously maintaining the quality of care. This process was statistically evaluated using septoplasty in nasal surgery as a typical example and the duration of stay was reduced from 5.85 days to 4.32 (a reduction of 26%) or 3.55 days (a reduction of 34%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of CI and pathways is a suitable means to increase the clinical and economic effectiveness even when the new case-based flat-rate system is taken into consideration.

[Olfactory dysfunction: correlation of olfactory bulb volume on MRI and objective olfactometry]. / Riechstörungen: Korrelation von objektiver Olfaktometrie und volumetrischer Messungen des Bulbus olfactorius in der MRT.

PURPOSE: To define the role of olfactory bulb volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting olfactory dysfunction in comparison with objective olfactometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with suspected olfactory dysfunction (16 women, 14 men; mean age 52 years, range 20 - 79 years) were examined by MRI and objective olfactometry between January 2006 and January 2009. Olfactory bulb volumes were measured by two neuroradiologists using 3D MR data sets. The olfactory function was categorized as normosmia, hyposmia, and anosmia on the basis of objective olfactometry. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for objective olfactometry and olfactory bulb volumes on MRI. ROC analysis was performed to determine whether MRI bulb volumes can serve to predict anosmia or hyposmia. RESULTS: The bulb volumes measured by MRI ranged from 0 to 135.9 mm (3). Based on olfactometry, anosmia was present in 11 patients (total bulb volume of 15.7 +/- 23.3 mm (3)), hyposmia in 9 patients (total bulb volume of 50.0 +/- 25.5 mm (3)), and normosmia in 10 patients (total bulb volume of 110.7 +/- 21.5 mm (3)). There was good correlation (r > 0.9) between objective olfactometry and olfactory bulb volume on MRI. ROC analysis yielded a cut-off value of 32 mm (3) for anosmia, which had a sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.947. The cut-off value for olfactory dysfunction was 80.7 mm (3) (sensitivity 0.95; specificity of 0.9). CONCLUSION: The olfactory bulb volume determined by MRI is a suitable parameter for diagnosing complete or partial loss of the sense of smell.

[Pressure-pulsed cortisone therapy in smelling disorders]. / Kortisontherapie bei Riechstörungen mittels Druckstoßinhalation.

There is lack of a clear strategy in the treatment of smelling disorders with corticoids. We investigated the olfactory function via the validated Threshold-Discrimination-Identification Score (TDI) in patients with sinonasal, post-URTI or idiopathic disorders before and after topic corticoid pressure-pulsed inhalation therapy (compared to systemic corticoid administration). With both forms of therapy 20% of patients showed a clinically relevant increase of their TDI score of 6 points regardless of sex, age or duration of disease. The pressure pulsed inhalation therapy is an efficient, accepted therapeutic option with less side effects.

[Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx. Diagnostic features, treatment strategy, and prognosis]. / Gering differenziertes neuroendokrines Larynxkarzinom. Diagnostische Besonderheiten, Therapiestrategie und Prognose.

BACKGROUND: Small cell carcinoma of the larynx is a rare, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). It is often diagnosed late, with delayed initiation of adequate therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data for eight patients were retrospectively analyzed with regard to clinical information, surveillance, and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. RESULTS: The histopathologic diagnosis was made after a mean of 2.88+/-2.52 months after the first symptoms occurred. Staging and exclusion of an extralaryngeal primary was completed 1.75+/-1.7 months after the histological diagnosis. Seventy-five percent (n=6) of the patients already had regional or systemic metastases. Systemic metastases were detected in 50% (n=4) of the patients by FDG-positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Primary (n=4) or postoperative (n=3) radiochemotherapy was performed 3.07+/-1.32 months after initial diagnosis. Overall survival (n=6) was 12.83 +/-3.76 months. CONCLUSION: Studies providing high-level evidence cannot be expected because of the low incidence of small cell NEC. Efficient diagnosis should be followed immediately by combined radiochemotherapy. As with small cell bronchial carcinoma, small cell NEC of the larynx should be regarded as a systemic disease and be treated in a similar way.

Differences in reporting of acute rejections between American and European publications of large immunosuppressive trials impair comparability of study results.

This study examined the use of different definitions for acute rejection in recent large multicenter trials performed in America and Europe in order to assess whether systematic differences exist between both scientific cultures. We systematically selected recent publications on multicenter randomized controlled trials, investigating immunosuppressive regimens in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Publications included were classified according to the type of acute rejection reported: group 1 reported no or only one type of rejection rate (biopsy-proven or treated); group 2 reported information on both treated and biopsy-proven rates. Other potential factors (journal's impact-factor, study size) were compared within the subgroups. To determine the rates of treated but not biopsy-proven acute rejections, additional analyses were performed within subgroup 2. The reviewed publications were 24/44 (54.5%) European (E) and 20/44 (45.5%) American (A) origin. Eighteen of 44 publications reported no or only one type of rejection rate (group 1); 26 publications reported treated as well as biopsy-proven rates (group 2). Significantly more European publications reported both treated and biopsy-proven rates (E: 18/24 [75.0%] vs A: 8/20 [40.0%]; P = .019). Group 1 American papers were published in higher-ranked journals than European ones. The rate of blindly treated rejections did not differ significantly (A: 6.13% [range 0% to 12.8%] vs E: 8.43% [range 0% to 16.9%]) and the proportion of blindly treated rejections was slightly lower in American studies (A: 18.5% vs E: 26.5%). Our systematic review showed large discrepancies with a trend to report biopsy-proven rejection rates only in recent years.