RESUMO
STUDY HYPOTHESIS: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality with penetrating TBI (p-TBI) patients having worse outcomes. These patients are more likely to be coagulopathic than blunt TBI (b-TBI) patients, thus we hypothesize that coagulopathy would be an early predictor of mortality. METHODS: We identified highest-level trauma activation patients who underwent an admission head CT and had ICU admission orders from August 2009-May 2013, excluding those with polytrauma and anticoagulant use. Rapid thrombelastography (rTEG) was obtained after emergency department (ED) arrival and coagulopathy was defined as follows: ACT≥128s, KT≥2.5s, angle≤56°, MA≤55mm, LY-30≥3.0% or platelet count≤150,000/µL. Regression modeling was used to assess the association of coagulopathy on mortality. RESULTS: 1086 patients with head CT scans performed and ICU admission orders were reviewed. After exclusion criteria were met, 347 patients with isolated TBI were analyzed-99 (29%) with p-TBI and 248 (71%) with b-TBI. Patients with p-TBI had a higher mortality (41% vs. 10%, p<0.0001) and a greater incidence of coagulopathy (64% vs. 51%, p<0.003). After dichotomizing p-TBI patients by mortality, patients who died were younger and were more coagulopathic. When adjusting for factors available on ED arrival, coagulopathy was found to be an early predictor of mortality (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.37, 11.72, p-value=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that p-TBI patients with significant coagulopathy have a poor prognosis. Coagulopathy, in conjunction with other factors, can be used to earlier identify p-TBI patients with worse outcomes and represents a possible area for intervention.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/epidemiologia , Traumatismos Cranianos Penetrantes/complicações , Traumatismos Cranianos Penetrantes/mortalidade , Adulto , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/etiologia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Traumatismos Cranianos Penetrantes/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Incidência , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Tromboelastografia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plasma-based resuscitation improves outcomes in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock, while large-animal and limited clinical data suggest that it also improves outcomes and is neuroprotective in the setting of combined hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. However, the choice of initial resuscitation fluid, including the role of plasma, is unclear for patients after isolated traumatic brain injury. METHODS: We reviewed adult trauma patients admitted from January 2011 to July 2015 with isolated traumatic brain injury. "Early plasma" was defined as transfusion of plasma within 4 hours. Purposeful multiple logistic regression modeling was performed to analyze the relationship of early plasma and inhospital survival. After testing for interaction, subgroup analysis was performed based on the pattern of brain injury on initial head computed tomography: epidural hematoma, intraparenchymal contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, or multifocal intracranial hemorrhage. RESULTS: Of the 633 isolated traumatic brain injury patients included, 178 (28%) who received early plasma were injured more severely coagulopathic, hypoperfused, and hypotensive on admission. Survival was similar in the early plasma versus no early plasma groups (78% vs 84%, P = .08). After adjustment for covariates, early plasma was not associated with improved survival (odds ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 0.71-1.96). On subgroup analysis, multifocal intracranial hemorrhage was the largest subgroup with 242 patients. Of these, 61 (25%) received plasma within 4 hours. Within-group logistic regression analysis with adjustment for covariates found that early plasma was associated with improved survival (odds ratio 3.34, 95% confidence interval 1.20-9.35). CONCLUSION: Although early plasma transfusion was not associated with improved in-hospital survival for all isolated traumatic brain injury patients, early plasma was associated with increased in-hospital survival in those with multifocal intracranial hemorrhage.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/terapia , Mortalidade Hospitalar/tendências , Hemorragias Intracranianas/terapia , Sistema de Registros , Adulto , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Hemorragias Intracranianas/complicações , Hemorragias Intracranianas/diagnóstico , Hemorragias Intracranianas/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plasma , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Análise de Sobrevida , Centros de TraumatologiaRESUMO
RATIONAL: There has been increased focus on hemostatic potential and function in the initial assessment of the patient with traumatic injuries, that not been extensively studied in patients with burns. We proposed to determine the hemostatic potential of patients with burns upon admission to the emergency department and contrasted their condition with that of healthy controls and patients with other traumatic injuries. In addition we assessed differences due to thermal versus electrical injury and evaluated the effect of burn size. METHODS: This is a patient based prospective observational study conducted with delayed consented. Subjects at the highest level of trauma activation upon admission to the ED had a blood sample collected for research purposes and were subsequently consented. Hemostatic potential was measured by rapid thromelastography (r-TEG®), thrombin generation by calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) and platelet function by Multiplate® using five activators. Burn subjects were compared to subjects with other traumatic injuries and controls. Within the burn subjects additional analysis compared mechanism (thermal vs. electrical) and burn size. Values are medians (IQR). RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty two trauma patients (with burns n=40, 14%) and 27 controls were enrolled. Upon admission, compared to controls, subjects with burns or trauma were hyper-coagulable based on r-TEG and CAT, with increased rates of clot formation and thrombin generation. There were no differences in burns compared to other traumatic injuries. The presence of hyper-coagulation did not appear to be related to the type of burn or the percentage of total body surface area involved. Employing previous defined cut points for R-TEG driven therapeutic interventions burn patients had similar rates of hyper- and hypo-coagulation noted in patients with traumatic injuries. CONCLUSION: Upon admission patients with burns are in a hyper-coagulable state similar to that of other trauma patients. Employing demonstrated cut points of hemostatic potential in trauma patients associated with increased risk of poor outcomes demonstrated the incidence in burn patients to be similar, suggesting that these values could be used in the early assessment of the patient with burns to guide treatment interventions.
Assuntos
Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/sangue , Traumatismos por Eletricidade/sangue , Trombofilia/sangue , Adulto , Testes de Coagulação Sanguínea , Queimaduras/sangue , Queimaduras/complicações , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/complicações , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Traumatismos por Eletricidade/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adesividade Plaquetária , Agregação Plaquetária , Testes de Função Plaquetária , Estudos Prospectivos , Tromboelastografia , Trombina , Trombofilia/complicações , Ferimentos e Lesões/sangue , Ferimentos e Lesões/complicações , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Progressive hemorrhagic injury (PHI) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is associated with poor outcomes. Early prediction of PHI is difficult yet vital. We hypothesize that TBI subtype and coagulation would be predictors of PHI. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of highest level activation adult trauma patients with evidence of TBI (head Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥3). Coagulopathy was determined using rapid thrombelastography (r-TEG), complete blood counts, and conventional coagulation tests obtained on arrival. Patients were dichotomized into PHI and stable groups based on head computerized CT. Subtypes of TBI included subdural hematoma, intraparenchymal contusions (IPC), subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, and combined. Data are reported as median values with interquartile range (IQR). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effect of subtype and coagulation on PHI. RESULTS: We included 279 isolated TBI patients who met study criteria. There were 157 patients (56%) who experienced PHI; 122 (44%) were stable on repeat CT. Patients with PHI were older, had fewer hospital-free days, and higher mortality (all P < .001). No differences were noted in r-TEG parameters between groups; however, coagulopathy and age were independent predictors of progression in all subtypes (odds ratio [OR], 1.81; 95% CI, 1.09-3.01 [P = .021]; OR, 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01-1.04 [P = .006]). Controlling for age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and coagulopathy, patients with IPC were more likely to experience PHI (OR, 4.49; 95% CI, 2.24-8.98; P < .0001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that older patients with coagulation abnormalities and IPC on admission are more likely to experience PHI, identifying a target population for earlier therapies.