Rescue and vegetative propagation of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC. ) Ma ish in natural stand / Resgate e propagação vegetativa de Eremanthus erythropappus (DC. ) MacLeish em povoamentos naturais

Abstract The native stands of 'candeia' (Eremanthus erythropappus) have been explored through management plans due to the economic potential of essential oil. The rescue of adult trees, as well as the application of silvicultural techniques that favor the restoration of the stand, can contribute to the genetic conservation of this species. This study's objective was to assess the efficiency of propagation techniques for the rescue of 26 matrices of 'candeia' in a natural managed stand and discussion about the rhizogenesis. In August 2017, trees were induced to regrowth by coppice, followed by exposure and scarification of roots. The emergence of shoots and morphology were evaluated according to the origin (i.e., stump or root). After that period, 19 matrices had their sprouts collected for the preparation of apical cuttings. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was applied at the base of the cuttings. Cutting survival at greenhouse exit (GE), rooting at shade house exit (SHE), morphology and root anatomy were evaluated. In 189 days, the scarification of roots promoted 76.92% of budding. The percentage of sprouted matrices, number of shoots per matrice, length, diameter, and shoot length/diameter ratio increased over time. Only 12.2% of the cuttings survived in GE, and of these, 7.9% rooted in SHE. The cutting resulted in the formation of a clonal mini-garden of 'candeia', with seven of the 19 matrices submitted to propagation. The anatomical analyses showed that bud formation occurs from cell redifferentiation in the phloem parenchyma, and presence of crystals on the walls of the vessel elements of the secondary xylem. The shoots induction from scarification of roots could be used as a silvicultural practice for the reestablishment of the native fragments handle.

Resumo Os povoamentos nativos de candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) vêm sendo explorados por planos de manejo devido ao potencial econômico do óleo essencial. O resgate de árvores adultas, bem como a aplicação de técnicas silviculturais que favoreçam o restabelecimento do povoamento podem contribuir para a conservação genética dessa espécie. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de técnicas de propagação para o resgate de 26 matrizes de candeia em um povoamento natural manejado e discutir sobre a rizogênese. Em agosto de 2017, as árvores foram induzidas à rebrota por meio da decepa, seguida da exposição e escarificação das raízes. A emissão brotações e morfologia foram avaliadas de acordo com a origem (toco ou raiz). Após esse período, 19 matrizes tiveram as brotações recolhidas para o preparo de estacas apicais, que foram tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB). A sobrevivência das estacas na saída da casa de vegetação (SCV), o enraizamento na saída da casa de sombra (SCS), a morfologia e a anatomia da raiz foram avaliados. Aos 189 dias, a escarificação das raízes resultou em 76,92% de emissão de brotos. O percentual de matrizes brotadas, número de brotos por matriz, comprimento, diâmetro e relação comprimento/diâmetro dos brotos aumentaram ao longo do período avaliado. Somente 12,2% das estacas sobreviveram na SCV e 7,9% enraizaram na SCS. A estaquia resultou na formação de um minijardim clonal de candeia com sete das dezenove matrizes submetidas à propagação. As análises anatômicas mostraram a diferenciação das células na região do parênquima floemático e a presença de cristais de inulina nas paredes dos elementos de vaso do xilema secundário. A indução de brotos radiculares pode ser usada como prática silvicultural visando o restabelecimento de fragmentos nativos manejados.

Robust Topological Nodal-Line Semimetals from Periodic Vacancies in Two-Dimensional Materials.

A nodal-line semimetal (NLSM) is suppressed in the presence of spin-orbit coupling unless it is protected by a nonsymmorphic symmetry. We show that two-dimensional (2D) materials can realize robust NLSMs when vacancies are introduced on the lattice. As a case study we investigate borophene, a boron honeycomb-like sheet. While the Dirac cones of pristine borophene are shown to be gapped out by spin-orbit coupling and by magnetic exchange, robust nodal lines (NLs) emerge in the spectrum when selected atoms are removed. We propose an effective 2D model and a symmetry analysis to demonstrate that these NLs are topological and protected by a nonsymmorphic glide plane. Our findings offer a paradigm shift to the design of NLSMs: instead of searching for nonsymmorphic materials, robust NLSMs may be realized simply by removing atoms from ordinary symmorphic crystals.

Cubane and cubanoid: Structural, optoelectronic and thermodynamic properties from DFT and TD-DFT method.

In this paper, we report structural, electronic and optical properties of cubane (C8H8) and cubanoids (cubane-like molecules) using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The cubanoids are cubanes for which Carbon atoms have been substituted by Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb) or Bismuth (Bi) atoms. These molecules presented exceptional stability with several different symmetry point groups, being the majority Td. All calculated vibrational frequencies are positive for any studied molecules indicating that all these structures are in a stable state. The HOMO-LUMO gaps and DOS were calculated converged towards to values between 1.87 eV and 5.61 eV, actually showing promising electronic properties (Just for comparison, the cubane energy gap is 7.50 eV). The optical absorptions were also calculated for the cubanoid structure using the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT). Their dependence on the wavelength is analyzed, where five of theses structures absorb on the visible region. Finally, the extrapolation of thermodynamic properties indicates that these cubanoid could be potentially synthesized spontaneously, where four structures, the synthesis would occur for temperatures below 400 K, while for Si4Bi4H4 structure, the synthesis would occur at room temperature.

Rescue and vegetative propagation of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish in natural stand.

The native stands of 'candeia' (Eremanthus erythropappus) have been explored through management plans due to the economic potential of essential oil. The rescue of adult trees, as well as the application of silvicultural techniques that favor the restoration of the stand, can contribute to the genetic conservation of this species. This study's objective was to assess the efficiency of propagation techniques for the rescue of 26 matrices of 'candeia' in a natural managed stand and discussion about the rhizogenesis. In August 2017, trees were induced to regrowth by coppice, followed by exposure and scarification of roots. The emergence of shoots and morphology were evaluated according to the origin (i.e., stump or root). After that period, 19 matrices had their sprouts collected for the preparation of apical cuttings. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was applied at the base of the cuttings. Cutting survival at greenhouse exit (GE), rooting at shade house exit (SHE), morphology and root anatomy were evaluated. In 189 days, the scarification of roots promoted 76.92% of budding. The percentage of sprouted matrices, number of shoots per matrice, length, diameter, and shoot length/diameter ratio increased over time. Only 12.2% of the cuttings survived in GE, and of these, 7.9% rooted in SHE. The cutting resulted in the formation of a clonal mini-garden of 'candeia', with seven of the 19 matrices submitted to propagation. The anatomical analyses showed that bud formation occurs from cell redifferentiation in the phloem parenchyma, and presence of crystals on the walls of the vessel elements of the secondary xylem. The shoots induction from scarification of roots could be used as a silvicultural practice for the reestablishment of the native fragments handle.

Comparing structural and functional approaches to distinguish benthic communities from eutrophic and non-eutrophic estuaries.

The performance of three approaches for macrobenthic classification in distinguishing communities subjected to different environmental conditions was compared: i) the traditional species-based approach; ii) a tolerance-based approach according to ecological groups of the AMBI index; and iii) a character-based approach using biological traits. We used a hierarchical sampling design including three progressively smaller spatial scales, considering that the environmental degradation influence benthic communities at the larger spatial scale. Despite small-scale spatial variations, all approaches performed similarly, distinguishing eutrophic from non-eutrophic benthic communities as they varied significantly at the larger scale, corresponding to the scale at which human induced changes act. Our results suggest that all three methodological approaches could be used as operational criteria to assess estuarine environmental quality, and despite more meaningful, there is still a degree of subjectivity in functional approaches, associated to the lack of more detailed information on macrofaunal life-cycles and levels of tolerance to disturbance.

Accelerated eutrophication and toxicity in tropical reservoir water and sediments: an ecotoxicological approach.

The aim of this study was to jointly show the results of three independent ecotoxicological studies performed to investigate pollutants in three Brazilian tropical reservoirs undergoing accelerated eutrophication. In order to accomplish this goal, the full toxicity identification and evaluation procedure (TIE approach) was performed, at Pampulha (Minas Gerais State) and Salto Grande and Barra Bonita reservoirs (São Paulo State). Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed using the cladocerans Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia dubia (exotic) and Daphnia laevis and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (native) as test organisms. Results from TIE procedure stage I indicated the existence of nonpolar organic and filterable compounds in the water from Pampulha, probably cyanotoxins, and oxidants as part of the toxic agents. TIE results for sediments identified ammonia (Pampulha and Salto Grande), organic compounds (Pampulha), metals (Pampulha, Barra Bonita, and Salto Grande), and acidity (Salto Grande) as responsible for toxicity. Whole-sediment remediation experiments for Pampulha reservoir confirmed, through reproduction decrease, ammonia and organic compounds as contaminants. Such pollutants represent threats to aquatic biota and must be prevented. Higher temperatures as predicted from global climate change will severely affect tropical shallow reservoirs, accelerating eutrophication, the release of contaminants from sediments, and increasing toxicity.

Rescue and vegetative propagation of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish in natural stand

Abstract The native stands of candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) have been explored through management plans due to the economic potential of essential oil. The rescue of adult trees, as well as the application of silvicultural techniques that favor the restoration of the stand, can contribute to the genetic conservation of this species. This studys objective was to assess the efficiency of propagation techniques for the rescue of 26 matrices of candeia in a natural managed stand and discussion about the rhizogenesis. In August 2017, trees were induced to regrowth by coppice, followed by exposure and scarification of roots. The emergence of shoots and morphology were evaluated according to the origin (i.e., stump or root). After that period, 19 matrices had their sprouts collected for the preparation of apical cuttings. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was applied at the base of the cuttings. Cutting survival at greenhouse exit (GE), rooting at shade house exit (SHE), morphology and root anatomy were evaluated. In 189 days, the scarification of roots promoted 76.92% of budding. The percentage of sprouted matrices, number of shoots per matrice, length, diameter, and shoot length/diameter ratio increased over time. Only 12.2% of the cuttings survived in GE, and of these, 7.9% rooted in SHE. The cutting resulted in the formation of a clonal mini-garden of candeia, with seven of the 19 matrices submitted to propagation. The anatomical analyses showed that bud formation occurs from cell redifferentiation in the phloem parenchyma, and presence of crystals on the walls of the vessel elements of the secondary xylem. The shoots induction from scarification of roots could be used as a silvicultural practice for the reestablishment of the native fragments handle.

Resumo Os povoamentos nativos de candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) vêm sendo explorados por planos de manejo devido ao potencial econômico do óleo essencial. O resgate de árvores adultas, bem como a aplicação de técnicas silviculturais que favoreçam o restabelecimento do povoamento podem contribuir para a conservação genética dessa espécie. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de técnicas de propagação para o resgate de 26 matrizes de candeia em um povoamento natural manejado e discutir sobre a rizogênese. Em agosto de 2017, as árvores foram induzidas à rebrota por meio da decepa, seguida da exposição e escarificação das raízes. A emissão brotações e morfologia foram avaliadas de acordo com a origem (toco ou raiz). Após esse período, 19 matrizes tiveram as brotações recolhidas para o preparo de estacas apicais, que foram tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB). A sobrevivência das estacas na saída da casa de vegetação (SCV), o enraizamento na saída da casa de sombra (SCS), a morfologia e a anatomia da raiz foram avaliados. Aos 189 dias, a escarificação das raízes resultou em 76,92% de emissão de brotos. O percentual de matrizes brotadas, número de brotos por matriz, comprimento, diâmetro e relação comprimento/diâmetro dos brotos aumentaram ao longo do período avaliado. Somente 12,2% das estacas sobreviveram na SCV e 7,9% enraizaram na SCS. A estaquia resultou na formação de um minijardim clonal de candeia com sete das dezenove matrizes submetidas à propagação. As análises anatômicas mostraram a diferenciação das células na região do parênquima floemático e a presença de cristais de inulina nas paredes dos elementos de vaso do xilema secundário. A indução de brotos radiculares pode ser usada como prática silvicultural visando o restabelecimento de fragmentos nativos manejados.

[Dermatomyositis. Presentation of a mild to moderate case with early dysphagia]. / Dermatomiositis. Aportación de un caso de afectación leve-moderada y disfagia precoz.

We report the case of a twelve year old female patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. The diagnosis was made in our unit a few days after starting with proximal muscular weakness and a skin rash. A combination of oral corticosteroids and methotrexate was administered. There was an initial improvent in the skin lesions, but with no changes in the muscle weakness. The appearance of dysphagia a few days after starting the treatment led us to add three pulses of parenteral methylprednisolone to her initial treatment. We report the case to illustrate the difficulties in deciding initial treatment options.

In vivo genotoxicity of treated water containing the cylindrospermopsin-producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid commonly produced by some cyanobacteria that has been implicated in outbreaks of human illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cellular content (including CYN) and its byproducts resulting from chlorination during water treatment. DNA damage in blood and liver cells was analysed by the comet assay and micronucleus test (MN). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with the following treatments: (a) physiological saline, (b) treated water, (c) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (d) C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (e) C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain), and (f) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain) extract. After 48 h, samples were taken to perform tests (blood and liver cells to the comet assay and bone marrow to MN test). The CYPO-011 K had a genotoxic and mutagenic effects on liver and bone marrow cells. The group that received chlorine-treated water plus CYPO-011 K also exhibited genotoxic effects in the liver, as well as in the blood, and a mutagenic effect in blood marrow cells. The results emphasise the need of improving CYN monitoring in waters bodies in order to reduce the risk of human exposure.

Effects of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains (Woloszynska, 1912) Senayya & Subba Raju on the mobility of Daphnia laevis (Cladocera, Daphniidae).

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterium distributed worldwide that is known to produce cyanotoxins. Some of the Brazilian strains can produce saxitoxins (STXs), which are classified as neurotoxins and can paralyze cladocerans .Daphnia laevis is a cladoceran with a wide distribution in the Americas and has been studied as a possible test-organism in toxicity bioassays. The present work tested the acute effect on D laevis mobility when fed a saxitoxin-producing (STX and neoSTX) C. raciborskii strain, CYRF-01, and compared the results with the effects of a non-toxic strain (NPCS-1). Neonates (6-24 hours after birth) were exposed to concentrations of C. raciborskii varying from 102 to 106 cells·mL-1 of each strain for up to three hours. The cladocerans were then transferred to a medium without toxic filaments for 24 hours. Only the organisms exposed to the STX-producing strain showed signs of the immobilization of swimming movements, confirming the effects of the toxins. There was a linear correlation between the time required to induce stopping the swimming movement, with a shorter time to needed to induce immobilization at a higher the concentration; this correlation was inverse to the time required to recover the swimming movements (longer at higher concentrations, p < 0.1). D. laevis is a tropical and subtropical species with great potential for use in toxicity tests for the detection of STXs, despite being native to and found in a great array of freshwater bodies. This is the first assay testing STX-producing and non-producing C. raciborskii strains on D. laevis, species that are both found in Brazilian ecosystems.

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Leishmania infection in Gafanhoto Park, Divinópolis, Brazil.

The potential of Gafanhoto Park as an American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) focus was evaluated by examination of sand fly vectors of the Leishmania parasite. This forest remnant is located in a periurban area of Divin6polis, Brazil, where autochthonous cases of ACL have been reported. Sand fly populations were monitored over a 2-yr period (2006-2008) by using light traps (HP and Shannon). During systematic collections with HP traps, 824 specimens in total (342 males and 482 females) of 21 species were captured. Most prevalent species were as follows: Brumptomyia brumpti (Larrouse), Lutzomyia aragaoi (Costa Lima), Lutzomyia lutziana (Costa Lima), Lutzomyia sordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte), and Lutzomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho). Using Shannon traps, 257 specimens representing 15 species were collected (159 females and 98 males), with a high prevalence of L. whitmani and Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto), both vectors of Leishmania braziliensis (Vianna). To ascertain the level of natural infection, a sample of females captured in Shannon traps was assayed for the presence of Leishmania by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, where 39% of insects were positive. The most infected species was L. whitmani (29 sand flies; 18.2%), followed by L. neivai (21; 13.2%), Lutzomyia christenseni (Young & Duncan) (five; 3.1%), Lutzomyia pessoai (Coutinho & Barreto) (three; 1.9%), L. aragaoi (one; 0.6%), Lutzomyia fischeri (Pinto) (one; 0.6%), Lutzomyia lenti (Mangabeira) (one; 0.6%), L. lutziana (one; 0.6%), and Lutzomyia monticula (Costa Lima) (one; 0.6%). The finding of potential and incriminated vectors naturally infected with Leishmania reinforces the need of epidemiologic surveillance in the area.

[Hormonal dysfunction of nonpituitary lesions from midline and perisellar area]. / Disfunção hormonal em lesões não hipofisárias das regiões selar e periselar.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse clinical and/or laboratorial preoperative hormonal dysfunction, of the nonpituitary intracranial lesions from midline and parasellar area. METHOD: Forty-four patients were evaluated with nonpituitary intracranial lesions, who had images studies (computed tomography or magnetic resonance) and preoperative basal hormonal level; 16 had preoperative hypothalamus-hypophysial function tests (megatests). These patients were divided in two groups. Group I - 34 lesions from midline: 11 craniopharyngiomas, 8 meningiomas, 3 germinomas, 3 tumors of sphenoid sinus, 2 empty sella syndrome, 2 pylocitic astrocytomas, 1 giant aneurysm, 2 mucoceles, 1 III ventricle diverticulum and 1 Rathke's cleft cyst; Group II - 10 lesions from parasellar area: 9 meningiomas and 1 giant aneurysm. RESULTS: In group I, 25/34 (73.5%) patients showed laboratorial hormonal deficit (14 without clinical manifestations) 18/34 (52.9%) hyperprolactinemia (5 with galactorreia) and 8 (53.3%) showed growth hormone deficiency in 15 megatests available in this group; 3 (8.8 %) patients presented central diabetes insipidus (CDI). In group II, 6/10 (60%) patients showed laboratorial hormonal deficit (5 without clinical manifestations), 1 (10%) hyperprolactinemia and 1 growth hormone deficiency (single megatest realized in this group); no patient had preoperative CID. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of nonspecific or poorly valorized clinical manifestations, does not indicate absence of hormonal dysfunction; in this present serie, 19/38 (50%) patients with laboratorial abnormalities, didn't show clinical manifestations. Hormonal dysfunction is frequent in sellar and perisellar nonpituitary lesions, specially involving midline.

Heavy metals in tributaries of Pampulha Reservoir, Minas Gerais.

A great amount of heavy metals enter Pampulha Reservoir via it's main tributaries (Sarandi and Ressaca). Although no water quality classification has been carried out for these tributaries, the reservoir is expected to be in class 2 of the CONAMA-86 system. As part of a monitoring scheme of the Pampulha Watershed, heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn and Fe) were investigated in the water at a control site (considered free from direct human influence) and at potential sites of toxicity and contamination during August (dry season) and November (wet season) of 1998. The results for the first sampling period showed relatively high concentrations of zinc (0.22 mg.L-1) in the upper portion of the reservoir. The highest values of nickel and chromium (0.19 and 0.89 mg.L-1, respectively) were found in the initial portion of the Sarandi Stream, while the highest concentrations of lead (0.05 mg.L-1), cadmium (0.014 mg.L-1), manganese (0.43 mg.L-1) and iron (15.25 mg.L-1) were detected in the Ressaca Stream by the landfill dump of Belo Horizonte. A relatively high concentration of cadmium was also detected at the confluence of the two streams. During the second sampling period, there was an increase in the concentrations of zinc at all sampling sites except the control, with values varying from 0.71 mg.L-1 (the Sarandi Stream) to 2.50 mg.L-1 (the Ressaca Stream). Lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium concentrations were also higher in the Ressaca Stream, but not detected at the other sampling sites. Copper values were higher than in the first period: 0.10 mg.L-1 at the control up to 0.38 mg.L-1 at the confluence of the streams. Similar results were found for manganese and iron, with values reaching up to 19.30 and 125 mg.L-1, respectively. Moreover, all values recorded in the second sampling period were much higher than recommended for class 2 waters. These results emphasize the need for such monitoring in relation to better water quality management of this reservoir.

Heavy metals in tributaries of Pampulha Reservoir, Minas Gerais

A great amount of heavy metals enter Pampulha Reservoir via it's main tributaries (Sarandi and Ressaca). Although no water quality classification has been carried out for these tributaries, the reservoir is expected to be in class 2 of the CONAMA-86 system. As part of a monitoring scheme of the Pampulha Watershed, heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn and Fe) were investigated in the water at a control site (considered free from direct human influence) and at potential sites of toxicity and contamination during August (dry season) and November (wet season) of 1998. The results for the first sampling period showed relatively high concentrations of zinc (0.22 mg.L-1) in the upper portion of the reservoir. The highest values of nickel and chromium (0.19 and 0.89 mg.L-1, respectively) were found in the initial portion of the Sarandi Stream, while the highest concentrations of lead (0.05 mg.L-1), cadmium (0.014 mg.L-1), manganese (0.43 mg.L-1) and iron (15.25 mg.L-1) were detected in the Ressaca Stream by the landfill dump of Belo Horizonte. A relatively high concentration of cadmium was also detected at the confluence of the two streams. During the second sampling period, there was an increase in the concentrations of zinc at all sampling sites except the control, with values varying from 0.71 mg.L-1 (the Sarandi Stream) to 2.50 mg.L-1 (the Ressaca Stream). Lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium concentrations were also higher in the Ressaca Stream, but not detected at the other sampling sites. Copper values were higher than in the first period: 0.10 mg.L-1 at the control up to 0.38 mg.L-1 at the confluence of the streams. Similar results were found for manganese and iron, with values reaching up to 19.30 and 125 mg.L-1, respectively. Moreover, all values recorded in the second sampling period were much higher than recommended for class 2 waters. These results emphasize the need for such monitoring in relation to better water quality management of this reservoir.

Immune response and protection in mice inoculated with Leishmania amazonensis clones expressing different degrees of virulence.

The induction of protective immunity to Leishmania amazonensis was investigated by injection of parasite clones of low and medium virulence into susceptible mice. To this end, L. amazonensis were cloned by limiting dilution and the clones' virulence was evaluated by the course of infection in susceptible mice. Clones originally derived from the spleen showed virulence variations in comparison with that of the parental population (PP) of parasites. Two low-virulence clones (SP 5 and SP 20) and one medium-virulence clone (SP 11), representative of the spectrum of derived clones, were compared with virulent parasites and with an avirulent strain (Josefa) as to their ability to induce T-cell immune responses and to protect BALB/c mice from infection with the virulent L. amazonensis PP. Clone SP 20 and clone SP 11 induced partial protection when injected by the intravenous and intradermal route, respectively. The avirulent Josefa strain induced neither T-cell responses nor protection. Low-virulence L. amazonensis clones can therefore be additional tools in vaccine investigation.

[Cordocentesis and evaluation of fetal wellbeing in a very high-risk population (a very reliable index)]. / Cordocentèse et évaluation du bien-être foetal dans une population à très haut risque. (Un index de grande fidélité).

In a population of 57 very high-risk pregnant women (severe clinical history and/or compromised fetus). A total of 240 tests for antepartum fetal evaluation were performed: baseline cardiotocography (CTG), biophysical profile scoring (BPS), doppler-velocimetry of umbilical artery and determination of blood gas analysis in venous umbilical cord blood obtained by cordocentesis. The results of the CTG, BPS, and umbilical artery doppler velocimetry showed a significant relation with those of pH and pO2. The sensitivity, specificity, false-abnormal value, and false-normal value of the CTG, PBS, and doppler velocimetry, used for the diagnosis of fetal acidosis, hypoxia, and asphyxia were comparable. The rate of fetal (asphyxia) was high if present severe/terminal CTG (85.0%), abnormal (4) BPS (82.0%), or absent-end diastole in umbilical artery doppler velocimetry (74.0%). The immediate complication rate due to cordocentesis procedure was minimal.