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1.
Drug Chem Toxicol ; 44(6): 566-574, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31259620

RESUMO

The venoms of wasps are a complex mixture of biologically active compounds, such as low molecular mass compounds, peptides, and proteins. The aim of the study was to evaluate the action of wasp venoms, Polybia occidentalis and Polybia fastidiosa, on the DNA of human leukocytes and on the cell cycle and genetic material of the plant model Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce). The cultured leukocytes were treated with the venoms and then evaluated by the comet assay. On another assay, seeds were exposed to a venom solution; the emitted roots were collected and the occurrence of cell cycle alterations (CCAs) and DNA fragmentation were evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis and TUNEL assay. The results demonstrated that the venom of both wasps induces several CCAs and reduces the mitotic index (MI) on treated cells. They induced damage on human leukocytes DNA. High frequencies of fragments were observed in cells exposed to P. occidentalis venom, while those exposed to P. fastidiosa showed a high frequency of non-oriented chromosome. Both venoms induced the occurrence of various condensed nuclei (CN). This alteration is an excellent cytological mark to cell death (CD). Additionally, CD was evidenced by positive signals in TUNEL assay, by DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis with vegetal cells, and by DNA fragmentation of the human leukocytes evaluated. Furthermore, human leukocytes exposed to the venom of P. fastidiosa had high rate of damage. The data demonstrate that both vegetal and human cells are adequate to evaluate the genotoxicity induced by venoms.


Assuntos
Vespas , Animais , Ensaio Cometa , Fragmentação do DNA , Humanos , Leucócitos , Venenos de Vespas
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(2): 495-502, abr.-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-977326

RESUMO

Abstract The tropical and subtropical naturalized physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), has been explored for biodiesel production in recent times. The oil is extracted from the seeds and, for the production to be feasible, utilization of the residual seed cake is crucial. Although the cake could be employed as a protein source in animal feed, it is rich in phorbol ester, which is toxic for animals. Therefore, breeding programs have been working to reduce or eliminate the phorbol ester content in physic nut. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the physic nut oil of toxic and non-toxic varieties (containing known or undetectable amounts of phorbol ester, respectively) with regards to phytotoxicity in a model experiment with Lactuca sativa L. For this, the percentage of germinated seeds was evaluated after 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours of exposure to the treatments with toxic and non-toxic oil at concentrations of 22.5 %, 45 % and 67.5 % of emulsion (physic nut oil energetically mixed with distilled water). Root growth was determined after 48 hours of exposure and the germination speed index was obtained. The different stages of mitotic division as well as possible chromosomal and nuclear alterations were also recorded. The mitotic index was calculated as the number of dividing cells, as a fraction of the total number of cells, and the frequency of chromosome and nuclear alterations, expressed as the percentage of number of alterations divided by the total number of cells. Both varieties exhibited phytotoxicity, inducing significant reductions in percentage of germinated seeds (reduction of 98 %), germination speed index (reduction of 24.44) and root growth (reduction of 8.54 mm). In microscopic analysis, a mitodepressive effect was observed for both oils at the three concentrations used when compared to the negative control; however, it was possible to distinguish between the toxic and the non-toxic varieties based on the more expressive reduction of division promoted by the first, 2.19 %. Significant increments in the frequency of mitotic cells showing chromosome alterations as well, as the presence of condensed nuclei, were observed in the treated cells. However, these parameters were not significantly different from the control in the cells treated with both physic nut oils. In conclusion, the evaluation of root growth and cell division in the plant model L. sativa, can be proposed as an alternative to animal tests to distinguish the varieties with high and low phorbol ester concentration, thus contributing to the detection of toxicity in varieties used in breeding programs.


Resumen Jatropha curcas L., naturalizado tropical y subtropical, ha sido explorado para la producción de biodiesel. El aceite se extrae de las semillas y, para que la producción sea factible, la utilización de la torta de semillas residual es crucial. Aunque la torta se puede emplear como una fuente de proteína en la alimentación animal, es rica en éster de forbol, que es tóxico para los animales. Por lo tanto, los programas de mejoramiento han procurado reducir o eliminar el contenido de éster de forbol de J. curcas. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el aceite de J. curcas de las variedades tóxicas y no tóxicas (con cantidades conocidas o indetectables de éster de forbol, respectivamente) con respecto a la fitotoxicidad en el modelo Lactuca sativa L. El porcentaje de semillas germinadas se evaluó después de 8, 16, 24, 36 y 48 horas de tratamiento. El crecimiento de la raíz se determinó después de 48 horas de exposición y se obtuvo el índice de velocidad de germinación. Se registraron las diferentes etapas de la división mitótica así como posibles alteraciones cromosómicas y nucleares. El índice mitótico se calculó como el número de células en división como una fracción del número total de células y la frecuencia de las alteraciones cromosómicas y nucleares, expresada como el porcentaje del número de alteraciones dividido entre el número total de células. Ambas variedades exhibieron fitotoxicidad, induciendo reducciones significativas en el porcentaje de semillas germinadas (Reducción del 98 %), índice de velocidad de germinación (Reducción de 24.44) y crecimiento de raíces (Reducción de 8.54 mm). En el análisis microscópico, se observó un efecto mitodepresivo para ambos aceites. Sin embargo, fue posible distinguir entre las variedades tóxicas y las no tóxicas basándose en la reducción más expresiva de la división promovida por la primera, 2.19 %. Se observaron incrementos significativos en la frecuencia de células mitóticas que mostraban alteraciones cromosómicas, así como la presencia de núcleos condensados en las células tratadas. Sin embargo, estos parámetros no fueron significativamente diferentes del control en las células tratadas con ambos aceites de J. curcas. En conclusión, la evaluación del crecimiento de las raíces y la división celular en el modelo L. sativa se puede proponer como una alternativa a las pruebas en animales para distinguir las variedades con concentraciones altas y bajas de éster de forbol, contribuyendo así a la detección de toxicidad en variedades utilizadas en programas de mejoramiento genético.


Assuntos
Ésteres de Forbol/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade , Germinação , Jatropha/química , Biocombustíveis
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 65(2): 435-443, Apr.-Jun. 2017. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-897553

RESUMO

AbstractLepidaploa rufogrisea is a promising candidate in the search of natural herbicides, with compounds (sesquiterpene lactones-glaucolide B) which have been reported to present phytotoxic potential against weeds. Thus, this work aimed to accomplish the phytochemical investigation of L. rufogrisea as well as the evaluation of its biological effects on the plant model Lactuca sativa. To this end, different extracts (aqueous, hydroalcoholic and hexane) of L. rufogrisea at different concentrations [0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 % (m/v)] were evaluated from macroscopic (percentage of germinated seeds, germination speed index and root length) and microscopic analysis (mitotic index and cell cycle alterations) in plantlets (150 per treatment) and meristematic cells (10 000 per treatment) of L. sativa var. Cristina. The extracts decreased the germination speed index and also the root growth of L. sativa plantlets. Cell proliferation was not significantly affected by the extracts. However, some chromosome and nuclear alterations in the mitotic spindle were observed, due to the interference of allelochemicals present in L. rufogrisea. Moreover, the plant model L. sativa demonstrated to be efficient for this kind of studies.


ResumenLepidaploa rufogrisea es una candidata prometedora en la búsqueda de herbicidas naturales, con compuestos (lactano sesquiterpeno- glaucolíde B) los cuales han sido reportados por presentar un potencial fitotóxico contra las malas hierbas. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo lograr la investigación fitoquímica de L. rufogrisea, así como también la evaluación de sus efectos biológicos sobre el modelo de planta Lactuca sativa L. Para esto, diferentes extractos (acuosos, hidroalcohólicos y hexanos) de L. rufogrisea fueron evaluados. El porcentaje de semillas germinadas, el índice de velocidad de germinación y la longitud de raíz de plántulas de L. sativa var. Cristina fueron evaluadas, así como también la citotoxicidad de los extractos en las células meristemáticas. Los extractos disminuyeron el índice de velocidad de germinación y también el crecimiento de las raíces de las plántulas de L. sativa. La proliferación celular no se vio significativamente afectada por los extractos. Sin embargo, se observaron alteraciones cromosómicas y nucleares, debido a la interferencia de los aleloquímicos presentes en L. rufogrisea en el huso mitótico. Además, el modelo de planta L. sativa demostró ser eficiente para tales estudios.

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