Severe genu varus deformity does not affect enhanced recovery after surgery total knee arthroplasty outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been increasingly adopted in orthopaedic surgery. Although not an exclusion criterion, patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with preoperative severe varus deformity may be less likely to be enrolled for ERAS. This study aimed to compare the success of ERAS TKA between patients with severe preoperative varus deformities (≥ 15° varus) and the control group (< 15° varus to 14° valgus). Our secondary aim was to compare postoperative complications and functional outcomes between the two groups. MATERIALS & METHODS: 310 TKAs performed from August 2019 to February 2021 were analyzed with a follow-up of 6 months postoperatively. The primary outcome, ERAS TKA success, was defined as length of hospital stay of < 24 h. Other parameters included 30-day postoperative complications and clinical outcomes such as the original Oxford Knee Score (OKS), the Knee Society Knee (KSKS) and Function Score (KSFS), Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-P), 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Component Summary (PCS) and SF-36 Mental Component Summary (MCS). RESULTS: There were 119 patients in the severe deformity group and 191 patients in the control group. There were no significant differences in ERAS success between the severe deformity group and control group, with both groups achieving similarly high rates (> 90%) of ERAS success. There were also no differences in 30-day postoperative complications and 6-month postoperative clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe preoperative varus deformity undergoing ERAS TKA achieved high ERAS success rates (> 90%). Genu varum is not a contraindication for ERAS TKA.

Abduction causes increased strain gradient compared to forward flexion: Evidence from a cadaver model of simultaneous strain study of the rotator cuff tendons.

BACKGROUND: Various strain studies of the supraspinatus have been done in isolation. Given that rotator cuff muscles function as a group, it may be physiologically representative to measure strain behaviour with the glenohumeral joint intact. Here, we explored a novel method in measuring simultaneous strain behaviour of the rotator cuff tendons and investigated the effect of full-thickness anterior tear of the supraspinatus on the infraspinatus and subscapularis tendons. METHODS: Nine cadaveric shoulders were evaluated on a customized rig. Using linear differential variable transducers to measure strain, each shoulder was subjected to up to 60° of elevation in the coronal, scapular, and sagittal planes. We also assessed 30° of external rotation and up to 60° of internal rotation of the humerus. Full-thickness anterior tear of the supraspinatus was then made before re-assessing strain patterns in the scapular plane. FINDINGS: Strain measurements of the intact tendons revealed a significant strain gradient between the articular and bursal sides of the supraspinatus during increasing degrees of elevation in the coronal and scapular planes. Full thickness anterior tear of the supraspinatus is localised to the tendon and does not affect the surrounding cuff musculature, with a potential shielding effect of the infraspinatus during early glenohumeral abduction. INTERPRETATION: Significant strain gradient exists between the articular and bursal sides of the supraspinatus during abduction but not during forward flexion in an intact glenohumeral joint. Rehabilitation exercises for anterior supraspinatus tears can be appropriately targeted on the remaining intact rotator cuff musculature.

Computer-assisted navigation in ACL reconstruction improves anatomic tunnel placement with similar clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: While the use of navigation systems in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction theoretically improves tunnel placement accuracy and clinical outcomes, the existing literature remains inconclusive. We aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of navigated ACL reconstruction on tunnel placement and clinical outcomes. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated a cohort of patients who underwent conventional or navigated (OrthoPilot system) primary ACL reconstruction at our institution from June 2004 to October 2009. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographic knee assessments were evaluated to assess postoperative tunnel positioning. Clinical outcomes, including the International Knee Documentation Committee classification, Lysholm score, and Tegner score, were evaluated preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were compared and analysed using independent 2-sample t-tests and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria and were included for analysis, comprising of 26 navigated and 34 conventional reconstructions. Postoperative radiographs showed no differences in tibial tunnel position between both groups, but a significantly smaller deviation from the recommended position in the navigated group (navigated: 5.96 %; conventional: 7.92 %; p = 0.008). Femoral tunnel placements in the navigated group were significantly more perpendicularly away from the Blumensaat line (navigated: 38.90 %; conventional: 31.94 %; p = 0.001), with a greater deviation from recommended position (navigated: 11.00 %; conventional: 6.94 %; p = 0.009). There were no differences in 1-year postoperative clinical outcomes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Navigated ACL reconstruction resulted in a more anatomic femoral tunnel placement and similar clinical outcomes as conventional reconstruction. Further research should be conducted to clarify the potential biomechanical and clinical impacts of navigated ACL reconstruction.

All-polyethylene unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is associated with increased risks of poorer knee society knee score and lower satisfaction in obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Although metal-backed tibial component (MB) is biomechanically superior to all-polyethylene (AP) implants in fixed-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), recent studies have shown comparable functional outcomes between the two. However, no study has examined this comparison in obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). We investigated whether functional outcomes between the two implants differ among obese patients, and whether the extent of obesity influences these outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred twenty-two UKA implants from 347 obese patients were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were assessed using the Knee Society Knee Score (KSKS) and Function Score (KSFS), the original Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) attainment was recorded. Patients' fulfillment of expectations and satisfaction with the surgery outcome was also graded. Patients were further divided into lower obesity (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2) and higher obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) to examine effect modification. RESULTS: There were no differences in functional outcomes and quality-of-life scores, MCID attainment of functional scores, as well as satisfaction and expectation fulfillment between AP and MB. Among higher obesity patients, AP was associated with a poorer KSKS (p = 0.031) and lower proportion of satisfaction fulfillment (p = 0.041) 2 years postoperatively compared to MB. CONCLUSION: We found no differences in functional and quality-of-life outcomes between fixed-bearing AP and MB tibial components among obese patients who underwent UKA. However, among higher obesity patients (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2), patients with AP tibial component were associated with lower KSKS score and a lower proportion of attaining satisfaction fulfillment 2 years postoperatively.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of osimertinib for first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80-90% of all lung cancer cases and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. However, targeted therapy with first and second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has so far improved progression-free survival of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant NSCLC patients. Osimertinib, a third generation EGFR TKI has recently shown improved overall survival of 6.8 months in previously untreated EGFR mutant NSCLC patients. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of osimertinib versus standard EGFR TKIs (gefitinib or erlotinib) as first-line treatment for advanced or metastatic EGFR mutant NSCLC patients in Singapore. METHODS: A partitioned survival model with three health states (progression-free, progressive disease, and death) was developed from the Singapore healthcare payer perspective. Survival curves based on the overall trial population from the FLAURA trial were extrapolated beyond trial period over a 10-year time horizon to estimate the underlying progression-free survival and overall survival parametric distributions. Health state utilities were derived from the literature and direct costs were sourced from public healthcare institutions in Singapore. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of uncertainties and assumptions on cost-effectiveness results. RESULTS: Compared with first or second generation TKI, osimertinib had a base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of SG$418,839 (US$304,277) per quality-adjusted life year gained. One-way sensitivity analysis showed the ICER was most sensitive to time horizon and variations in progression-free utility values. Scenario analyses showed that a 50% reduction in the cost of osimertinib was still associated with a high ICER that was unlikely to be deemed cost effective. CONCLUSIONS: Osimertinib is not cost effective as a first-line treatment compared to standard EGFR TKIs in advanced EGFR mutant NSCLC patients in Singapore. The findings from our evaluation, alongside other considerations including the lack of survival benefit in the Asian subgroup of the FLAURA trial, will be useful to inform policy makers on funding decisions for NSCLC treatments in Singapore.

Rural-urban differences in meeting physical activity recommendations and health status in cancer survivors in central Pennsylvania.

PURPOSE: This study explored rural-urban differences in meeting physical activity (PA) recommendations and health status in cancer survivors in central Pennsylvania and associations between PA and health status. METHODS: Cancer survivors (N = 2463) were identified through a state cancer registry and mailed questionnaires assessing PA and health status. Rural-urban residence was based on county of residence at diagnosis. Participants self-reported frequency and duration of leisure-time PA and were classified as meeting: (1) aerobic recommendations (≥ 150 min/week), (2) muscle-strengthening recommendations (≥ 2 times/week), (3) both aerobic and muscle-strengthening recommendations, or (4) neither recommendation. Logistic regression models examined associations between rural-urban residence and meeting PA recommendations and associations between PA and health status, adjusting for age, cancer type, gender, and income. RESULTS: Nearly 600 (N = 591, 24.0%) cancer survivors returned completed questionnaires (rural 9.5%, urban 90.5%). Half (50.0%) of rural cancer survivors reported no leisure-time PA compared to 35.2% of urban cancer survivors (p = 0.020), and urban cancer survivors were 2.6 times more likely to meet aerobic PA recommendations (95% CI 1.1-6.4). Odds of reporting good physical and mental health were 2.3 times higher among survivors who reported meeting aerobic recommendations compared to those who did not meet PA recommendations (95% CI 1.1-4.5), adjusting for rurality and covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate persistent rural-urban differences in meeting PA recommendations in cancer survivors and its association with self-reported health. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Findings underscore the need for interventions to increase PA in rural cancer survivors in an effort to improve health status and reduce cancer health disparities.

Physical Activity in Older Cancer Survivors: What Role Do Multimorbidity and Perceived Disability Play?

PURPOSE: (a) To describe the relationship of multimorbidity and physical activity (PA) in cancer survivors and (b) to explore perceived disability and PA in middle-aged and older survivors. METHODS: The authors analyzed the data from cancer survivors (N = 566), identified using the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, who responded to a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System-derived questionnaire. They created age groups (e.g., 45-54 years, 55-64 years, 65-74 years, and 75 years and older) and calculated a composite score of eight common comorbidities (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease) to assess multimorbidity. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of demographic and behavioral/clinical risk factors (e.g., multimorbidity, perceived disability, body mass index) with PA. RESULTS: Most respondents were females (62%), older (mean age = 68 years) and represented diverse cancer sites, including breast (n = 132), colorectal (n = 102), gynecologic (n = 106), prostate (n = 111), and lung (n = 80). PA participation was mixed; 44% of survivors reported achieving >150 min of aerobic PA, but half of lung and 37% of gynecologic survivors reported no PA (0 min/week). Higher multimorbidity (odds ratio = 0.82, confidence  interval [0.69, 0.98], p < .05), obesity (odds ratio = 0.51, confidence  interval [0.30, 0.86], p < .05), and perceived disability (odds ratio = 0.49, confidence  interval [0.32, 0.77], p < .001) were negatively associated with PA participation. Strength training was suboptimal across all survivors. CONCLUSION: Most older survivors experienced comorbid conditions, and this was associated with less PA. Survivors who perceived themselves as disabled or who were obese were half as likely as others to participate in PA. This suggests an increasing need to address both physical and psychological limitations in designing PA interventions for real-world needs. Exercise interventions that address the unique needs of older survivors for multimorbidity, obesity, and perceived disability may strengthen opportunities for PA.

Change in Inflammatory Biomarkers and Adipose Tissue in BRCA1/2+ Breast Cancer Survivors Following a Yearlong Lifestyle Modification Program.

Breast cancer survivors who carry a genetic mutation for one of the BRCA genes often undergo surgically induced menopause a decade or more before the usual age of natural menopause. These women are at elevated risk for multiple negative health outcomes, including metabolic diseases, heart disease, and cancer recurrence. Effects of a 12-month commercially available web-based lifestyle program (Precision Nutrition) were tested on body composition and markers of inflammation in a randomized controlled trial. Participants (N = 35) were BRCA1/2+, breast cancer survivors, and had completed surgically induced menopause at age <45 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to quantify body composition. Fasting blood samples were used to assay insulin, IL1ß, IL6, IL8, and TNFα. At baseline, we observed relationships between insulin, TNFα, and IL6, and between biomarkers and adiposity. Insulin and subcutaneous adipose tissue levels significantly decreased following the intervention compared with the change in the control group. Compared with baseline, TNFα and total adipose tissue levels decreased significantly in the intervention group. The percent change in insulin levels was moderately correlated with the percent change in subcutaneous adipose tissue (r = 0.33). Change in adiposity was not related to change in TNFα or IL6. Women in the intervention group decreased levels of subcutaneous, but not visceral, adipose tissue. The change in subcutaneous adipose tissue was the main driver of change in insulin levels for the women in the intervention group. However, the change in body composition achieved by the Precision Nutrition program was not sufficient to alter biomarker levels of inflammation. Cancer Prev Res; 11(9); 545-50. ©2018 AACR.