Riesgo de deshidratación entre deportistas y sedentarios con discapacidad intelectual / Incidence of hypohidration in athletes and sedentary male adults with intellectual disability

El presente estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal se diseñó para determinar el nivel de hidratación de deportistas con discapacidad intelectual y su comparación con adultos sedentarios con la misma discapacidad. Participaron 22 deportistas federados que realizan el mismo programa de entrenamiento además de 22 adultos sedentarios ajustados en sexo, edad y cociente de inteligencia. Los parámetros ensayados fueron la densidad urinaria determinada mediante refractómetro así como la ingesta diaria de líquido ad-libitum. Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. Tan solo 6 deportistas (21,6%) presentaron valores de euhidratación frente a 9 (40,9%) de los participantes sedentarios incluidos en el grupo control. Las únicas diferencias significativas respecto a la ingesta de líquidos se estableció precisamente entre deportistas y sedentarios con euhidratación. Se concluye que los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual se encuentran en riesgo de deshidratación que podría explicarse, al menos en parte, por una insuficiente ingesta hídrica (AU)

The current study was designed to determine hydration status of well-trained, male athletes with ID. A secondary purpose was to compare these results with hydration status of sedentary young adults with ID. A total of 22 athletes with ID volunteered for this cross-sectional, descriptive study. The control group included 22, age, sex and IQ-matched sedentary adults with ID. Main outcome measurements were urine specific gravity (USG) and daily fluid intake for three consecutive days. With regard to athletes with ID, it was found that 5 participants (21.7%) stayed significantly hypohydrated, 12 athletes (52.2%) appeared hypohydrated and 6 participants (26.1%) stayed euhydrated. In fact, a significantly lower percentage of athletes was euhydrated when compared to sedentary matched adults with ID (26.1 vs. 40.9%; χ2=5.67; p<001). In conclusion, athletes with ID are at increased risk of dehydration that may be explained, at least in part, given that ad-libitum fluid consumption was insufficient (AU)

El entrenamiento en tapiz rodante a domicilio mejora la calidad seminal en adultos con diabetes de tipo 2 / Home-based treadmill training improved seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes

Objetivo: El presente estudio se diseñó para determinar la influencia de un programa de entrenamiento domiciliario en la calidad seminal de adultos con diabetes tipo 2. Material y método: Participaron un total de 60 adultos varones con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2 distribuidos aleatoriamente en un grupo intervención (n = 30) y otro control (n = 30). Los participantes incluidos en el grupo de intervención desarrollaron un programa de entrenamiento domiciliario en tapiz rodante de 14 semanas, 3 sesiones/semana de 40 min a una intensidad del 55-70% FCmáx (incrementando un 2,5% cada 2 semanas). Los parámetros de calidad seminal ensayados fueron: volumen, concentración y porcentaje de movilidad y morfología normal. Asimismo se estudió el nivel de defensas antioxidantes en plasma seminal. Nuestro protocolo fue aprobado por un comité de ética institucional. Resultados: Tras completar el programa de entrenamiento se observó un incremento significativo de la concentración espermática, así como de los porcentajes de movilidad y de morfología normal. Paralelamente, se observó un incremento del estatus total antioxidante en el plasma seminal. No se observaron cambios significativos en ninguna de las variables ensayadas en el grupo control. Conclusiones: El programa de entrenamiento mejoró la calidad seminal en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Este hallazgo podría explicarse por una mejora de las defensas antioxidantes seminales inducida por el ejercicio

Objective: This was the first study conducted to determine the influence of home-based treadmill training on seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: Sixty sedentary adults with type 2 diabetes volunteered for the current study. Thirty were randomly allocated to the intervention group and performed a a 14-week, home-based, treadmill training program, 3 sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up (10-15 min), 40 min treadmill exercise at a work intensity of 55-70% of peak heart rate (increasing by 2.5% each two weeks) measured during a maximal treadmill test, and cooling-down (5-10 min). The control group included 30, age and BMI matched adults with type 2 diabetes who did not take part in any training program. Seminal quality analysis included semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and normal morphologic features. Furthermore, total antioxidant status (TAS) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were assessed in seminal plasma. This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: The home-based treadmill training significantly increased sperm concentration as well as percentages of total sperm motility and normal spermatozoa. Furthermore, TAS and GPX activity were increased after the completion of the training program. No significant changes in any of the measured variables were found in the control group. Conclusions: Home-based treadmill training improved seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes. A secondary finding was that seminal antioxidant defense system was significantly increased after being exercised

Salivary testosterone and immunoglobulin A were increased by resistance training in adults with Down syndrome.

This study was designed to assess the influence of resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and hormone profile in sedentary adults with Down syndrome (DS). A total of 40 male adults with DS were recruited for the trial through different community support groups for people with intellectual disabilities. All participants had medical approval for participation in physical activity. Twenty-four adults were randomly assigned to perform resistance training in a circuit with six stations, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Training intensity was based on functioning in the eight-repetition maximum (8RM) test for each exercise. The control group included 16 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched adults with DS. Salivary IgA, testosterone, and cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Work task performance was assessed using the repetitive weighted-box-stacking test. Resistance training significantly increased salivary IgA concentration (P=0.0120; d=0.94) and testosterone levels (P=0.0088; d=1.57) in the exercising group. Furthermore, it also improved work task performance. No changes were seen in the controls who had not exercised. In conclusion, a short-term resistance training protocol improved mucosal immunity response as well as salivary testosterone levels in sedentary adults with DS.

Home-based treadmill training improved seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: This was the first study conducted to determine the influence of home-based treadmill training on seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty sedentary adults with type 2 diabetes volunteered for the current study. Thirty were randomly allocated to the intervention group and performed a a 14-week, home-based, treadmill training program, 3 sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up (10-15min), 40min treadmill exercise at a work intensity of 55-70% of peak heart rate (increasing by 2.5% each two weeks) measured during a maximal treadmill test, and cooling-down (5-10min). The control group included 30, age and BMI matched adults with type 2 diabetes who did not take part in any training program. Seminal quality analysis included semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and normal morphologic features. Furthermore, total antioxidant status (TAS) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were assessed in seminal plasma. This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. RESULTS: The home-based treadmill training significantly increased sperm concentration as well as percentages of total sperm motility and normal spermatozoa. Furthermore, TAS and GPX activity were increased after the completion of the training program. No significant changes in any of the measured variables were found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Home-based treadmill training improved seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes. A secondary finding was that seminal antioxidant defense system was significantly increased after being exercised.

Ecuación predictora de masa grasa corporal en deportistas con lesión medular crónica: estudio piloto / Predictive equation of body fat percentage in athletes with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study

La determinación del porcentaje de masa grasa en pacientes con lesión medular crónica (LMC) resulta de interés por la alta morbimortalidad cardiovascular que presenta este grupo. En el caso de deportistas, además, permitiría optimizar su rendimiento deportivo. Por consiguiente, el presente estudio se planteó como primer objetivo comparar diferentes métodos de estudio del porcentaje de masa grasa de deportistas con LMC. Y como objetivo secundario, identificar alguna ecuación que permita predecir los niveles de masa grasa de manera más económica, sencilla, rápida y no invasiva. Se diseño un estudio observacional y transversal en el que participaron voluntariamente 8 deportistas varones con LMC a nivel o por debajo de T5 que compiten a nivel nacional. El porcentaje de masa grasa corporal de los participantes se determinó mediante tres metodologías: densitometría (DEXA), antropometría convencional (Ecuación de Siri) e impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA). Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. El porcentaje de masa grasa presentado por jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas tras someterse al método de referencia (DEXA) fue del 28,76±9,16%. El análisis de concordancia de Bland-Altman entre métodos sugiere que tanto la antropometría convencional como la BIA subestiman el porcentaje de masa grasa de deportistas con LMC. la ecuación de predicción obtenida fue: Masa Grasa (%)= 1,9197 (pliegue tríceps (mm)) + 6,5063. Tanto las técnicas antropométricas convencionales como la propia BIA subestiman la masa grasa en deportistas con LMC. Asimismo se ha identificado una ecuación de regresión para la predicción del porcentaje de masa grasa de bajo coste y aplicable en cualquier entorno.

The assessment of fat mass (FM) is of great interest for people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) given that morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease are greater and occur earlier in this group. Furthermore, it may play a key role improving physical performance in athletes with SCI. For the reasons already mentioned, the current study was designed to compare different methods for assessing FM in athletes with SCI. A secondary objective was to identify a predictive equation for FM in this group that is easily reproducible elsewhere. A total of 8 male athletes with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) competing in a national league volunteered for this study. The percentage of FM was assessed by three different methods: conventional anthropometry (Siri equation), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and densitometry (DEXA). This research was conducted in full accordance with ethical principles, including the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (version, 2002). Furthermore, the present protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Mean percentage of FM assessed by DXA was 28.76±9.16%. Moreover, Bland-Altman plots suggested conventional anthropometry and BIA underestimated fat mass percentage in this group. Lastly, a predictive equation for fat mass was established as follows: FM (%)=1.9197 (triceps skinfold thickness (mm))+6.5063. It was concluded that both conventional anthropometry and BIA underestimated fat mass in athletes with chronic SCI. Furthermore, a predictive equation of fat mass was recommended for this group due to its low cost and wide availability in any clinical setting.

Exercise reduced inflammation: but for how long after training?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that obese people with trisomy 21 suffer from low-grade systemic inflammation. A recent study has found that aerobic training reduced inflammation in obese women with Down syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, the study reported in this paper is the first to determine for how long these effects were maintained after completion of the programme. METHODS: Twenty premenopausal obese women (18-30 years old) with Down syndrome volunteered for this study. Eleven were randomly assigned to the intervention group and performed a 10-week aerobic training programme, 3 sessions per week, consisting of warming-up followed by treadmill exercise (30-40 min) at a work intensity of 55-65% of peak heart rate and a cooling-down period. The control group included 9, age, sex and BMI matched women with Down syndrome that did not perform any training programme. Fat mass percentage and distribution were measured. Plasma level of IL-6 and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were monitored. Time-course changes for these outcomes were assessed at pre- and post-intervention. Further, they were re-evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months after completion of the programme. RESULTS: Three months after completion of the programme, plasma levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP were significantly increased. Up to 6 months later, both fat mass percentage and waist circumference (WC) were significantly increased. Furthermore, physical fitness was also impaired in the intervention group. No changes were observed in the control group. CONCLUSION: A 3-month detraining period significantly impaired chronic inflammation in obese women with DS.

Aerobic training improved low-grade inflammation in obese women with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major health problem in people with intellectual disabilities. It is also widely accepted that low-grade systemic inflammation associated to obesity plays a key role in the pathogenic mechanism of several disorders. Fortunately, physical activity has shown to improve inflammation in people with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, we assessed the influence of aerobic training on pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in women with Down syndrome. METHODS: To achieve this outcome, 20 premenopausal obese young women with Down syndrome volunteered for this study. Eleven were randomly assigned to the intervention group and performed a 10-week aerobic training programme, three sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up then a 30- to 40-min treadmill exercise at a work intensity of 55-65% of peak heart rate followed by a cooling-down period. The control group included nine age-, sex- and body mass index-matched women with Down syndrome. Fat mass percentage and fat distribution were measured. Plasmatic levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and fibrinogen were assessed by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. C-reactive protein (CRP) was assessed by nephelometry. RESULTS: Plasmatic levels of TNF-α (11.7 ± 1.6 vs. 9.2 ± 1.3 pg/ml; P = 0.022), IL-6 (8.2 ± 1.1 vs. 6.1 ± 0.9 pg/ml; P = 0.014) and high sensitive CRP (0.62 ± 0.11 vs. 0.53 ± 0.09 mg/dl; P = 0.009) were significantly reduced in the intervention group. Further, significant correlations between plasmatic and anthropometric parameters were found. CONCLUSION: A 10-week training programme reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in obese young women with Down syndrome. Long-term, well-conducted studies are still required to determine whether correction of this low-grade inflammation improves clinical outcomes of women with trisomy 21.

Correlaciones entre marcadores de grasa abdominal obtenidos por densitometría y técnicas antropométricas convencionales en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico / Correlations between markers of abdominal fat obtained by dxa and anthropometric conventional techniques in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome

El presente estudio pretende identificar correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre parámetros de masa grasa abdominal obtenidos por densitometría (DXA) y otros de tipo cineantropométrico (índices de distribución de masa grasa) y bioquímico (perfil lipídico) en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico. Se diseño un estudio de cohortes histórico que incluyó a un total de 1326 mujeres post-menopausicas con edad > 45 años que se habían sometido rutinariamente a DXA para conocer su densidad mineral ósea entre Enero de 2006 y Enero de 2011. Se utilizó un DXA tipo Lunar DPX-L para determinar la masa grasa abdominal en las regiones de interés L1-L4 y L3-L4. Además del DXA, se obtuvo de cada participante la correspondiente anamnesis, bioquímica, tensión arterial e índices de distribución de masa grasa mediante técnicas antropométricas convencionales. Se utilizó la clasificación NCEP-ATP-III para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. La mayor fuerza de asociación se estableció entre el porcentaje de masa grasa L1-L4 obtenido por DXA y el perímetro de la cintura (r= 0,77; p= 0,0016) además de con colesterol-HDL (r= -0,58; p= 0,0290). Finalmente se concluye que el perímetro de la cintura y los niveles de colesterol-HDL podrían recomendarse como predictores del comportamiento de la masa grasa abdominal de regiones de interés L1-L4 y L3-L4 obtenidas por DXA en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico.

The current study was conducted to identify potential correlations between abdominal fat mass obtained by DXA and several parameters obtained by anthropometric conventional techniques as well as lipid profile in postmenopausal women with MS. This historical cohort study included a total of 1326 postmenopausal women aged > 45 years old who had routinely undergone DXA to measure their bone mineral density between January 2006 and January 2011. The regions of interest envisaged in our study by using DXA were the lumbar regions L1-L4 and L4-L5. At the same time, they underwent a complete medical examination including personal medical history assessment, biochemical blood analysis, blood pressure measurements and anthropometrical evaluation. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed attending to the criteria established by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NECP-ATP-III). This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Several significant correlations were found between DXA and indices of body fat distribution as well as lipid profile. The strongest correlations were found between fat mass L1-L4 and waist circumference (r= 0.77; p= 0.0016) and levels of HDL-cholesterol (r= -0.58; p= 0.0290). It was concluded that waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol may be recommended to predict fat mass in regions of interest L1-L4 and L3-L4 in postmenopausal women with MS.

Aerobic training at moderate intensity reduced protein oxidation in adolescents with Down syndrome.

Individuals with Down syndrome have been generally described as having high levels of oxidative stress, which have been associated to an increased morbidity. Fortunately, recent studies have reported that aerobic training may upregulate antioxidant defence system both in general population and individuals with trisomy 21. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of aerobic training in reducing protein oxidation. To achieve this goal, 31 adolescents with Down syndrome performed a 12-week training program on a treadmill with 3 days/week, consisting of warm-up (15 min), main part (20-35 min) at a work intensity of 60-75% of peak heart rate (HR(max) =194.5-[0.56 age]) and cool-down (10 min). A control group included seven age-, sex- and BMI-matched adolescents with trisomy 21 that did not perform any training program. Plasma carbonyl content was determined by means of a slightly modified Levine method. Pre- and post-training carbonyl contents were 1.98 ± 0.2 [95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.94-2.02] nmol/mg protein and 1.16 ± 0.1 (95% CI: 1.14-1.18) nmol/mg protein, respectively. When compared with baseline values, it was decreased significantly (1.98 ± 0.2 vs 1.16 ± 0.1; P<0.001). It was concluded that 12-week exercise program significantly reduced protein oxidation in adolescents with Down syndrome. Further long-term follow-up studies are required to determine whether correction of this oxidant imbalance improves clinical outcomes of individuals with trisomy 21.