Inhibition of C3 with pegcetacoplan results in normalization of hemolysis markers in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired hematologic disorder characterized by complement-mediated hemolysis. C5 inhibitors (eculizumab/ravulizumab) control intravascular hemolysis but do not prevent residual extravascular hemolysis. The newly approved complement inhibitor, pegcetacoplan, inhibits C3, upstream of C5, and has the potential to improve control of complement-mediated hemolysis. The PADDOCK and PALOMINO clinical trials assessed the safety and efficacy of pegcetacoplan in complement inhibitor-naïve adults (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with PNH. Patients in PADDOCK (phase 1b open-label, pilot trial) received daily subcutaneous pegcetacoplan (cohort 1: 180 mg up to day 28 [n = 3]; cohort 2: 270-360 mg up to day 365 [n = 20]). PALOMINO (phase 2a, open-label trial) used the same dosing protocol as PADDOCK cohort 2 (n = 4). Primary endpoints in both trials were mean change from baseline in hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin, and the number and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events. Mean baseline hemoglobin levels were below the lower limit of normal in both trials (PADDOCK: 8.38 g/dL; PALOMINO: 7.73 g/dL; normal range: 11.90-18.00 g/dL), increased to within normal range by day 85, and were sustained through day 365 (PADDOCK: 12.14 g/dL; PALOMINO: 13.00 g/dL). In PADDOCK, 3 serious adverse events (SAE) led to study drug discontinuation, 1 of which was deemed likely related to pegcetacoplan and 1 SAE, not deemed related to study drug, led to death. No SAE led to discontinuation/death in PALOMINO. Pegcetacoplan was generally well tolerated and improved hematological parameters by controlling hemolysis, while also improving other clinical PNH indicators in both trials. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02588833 and NCT03593200).

Complement C3 Inhibitor Pegcetacoplan for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Phase 2 Trial.

PURPOSE: Geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a major cause of blindness. Even while central visual acuity remains relatively well preserved, GA often causes considerable compromise of visual function and quality of life. No treatment currently exists. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pegcetacoplan, a complement C3 inhibitor, for treatment of GA. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled phase 2 study. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty-six patients with GA. METHODS: Patients with GA were assigned randomly in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive intravitreal injections of 15 mg pegcetacoplan monthly or every other month (EOM) or sham intravitreal injections monthly or EOM for 12 months with follow-up at months 15 and 18. Area and growth of GA were measured using fundus autofluorescence imaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary efficacy end point was mean change in square root GA lesion area from baseline to month 12. Secondary outcome measures included mean change from baseline in GA lesion area without the square root transformation, distance of GA lesion from the fovea, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low-luminance BCVA, and low-luminance visual acuity deficit. The primary safety end point was the number and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events. RESULTS: In patients receiving pegcetacoplan monthly or EOM, the GA growth rate was reduced by 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9-49; P = 0.008) and 20% (95% CI, 0-40; P = 0.067) compared with the sham treatment group. Post hoc analysis showed that the effect was greater in the second 6 months of treatment, with observed reductions of 45% (P = 0.0004) and 33% (P = 0.009) for pegcetacoplan monthly and EOM, respectively. Two cases of culture-positive endophthalmitis and 1 case of culture-negative endophthalmitis occurred in the pegcetacoplan monthly group. New-onset investigator-determined exudative AMD was reported more frequently in pegcetacoplan-treated eyes (18/86 eyes [20.9%] and 7/79 eyes [8.9%] in monthly and EOM groups, respectively) than in sham-treated eyes (1/81 eyes [1.2%]). CONCLUSIONS: Local C3 inhibition with pegcetacoplan resulted in statistically significant reductions in the growth of GA compared with sham treatment. Phase 3 studies will define the efficacy and safety profile further.

Neuroregeneration in composite tissue allografts: effect of low-dose FK506 and mycophenolate mofetil immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The immunosuppressant FK506 has been reported to increase the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration in nerve crush injury and nerve allograft models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low doses of FK506 and mycophenolate mofetil had a neuroregenerative effect in revascularized peripheral nerve allografts in a rat hind limb transplantation model. METHODS: Wistar Furth rat recipients received limbs from syngeneic Wistar Furth donors (group 1, n = 4) or from allogeneic August X Copenhagen Irish rat donors (group 2, n = 6). Wistar Furth recipients received limbs from August X Copenhagen Irish donors and were treated with FK506/mycophenolate mofetil for 5 months (group 3, n = 7). At the end of the follow-up period, histomorphometric analysis of sciatic and tibial nerves from transplanted and intact hind limbs was conducted. Sciatic and tibial nerves were examined at the level of coaptation and near the neuromuscular junction, respectively. RESULTS: Transplanted limbs in groups 1 and 3 completed the study without rejection, while the limbs in group 2 were rejected within a few days. Sciatic and tibial nerve analysis in groups 1 and 3 limbs showed myelinated axons of various diameters but in significantly fewer numbers than in nontransplanted contralateral nerves. The number and size of myelinated axons of transplanted nerves at corresponding levels were not significantly different between syngeneic and allogeneic (FK506/mycophenolate mofetil-treated) transplants. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that long-term neuroregeneration of revascularized peripheral nerves using low-dose FK506/mycophenolate mofetil was similar to that of syngeneic transplants. The occurrence of acute rejection episodes with low-dose FK506/mycophenolate mofetil did not appear to benefit nor impair neuroregeneration.

Vascularized lymph node transplantation induces graft-versus-host disease in chimeric hosts.

BACKGROUND: The role of lymph nodes (LNs) in adaptive immune responses has been the subject of extensive research. In previous studies, the surgical removal of lymph nodes from rat hind limbs prevented the development of lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hind limb transplantation to chimeric recipient rats. The purpose of this study was to establish the role of the cellular fraction versus the microenvironment of LNs in the development of GVHD in this model. METHODS: A rat model for vascularized LN transplantation was developed and graft-versus-host responses were compared after: 1) naive ACI LN cells were infused into Wistar-Furth (WF) rats as chimeric recipients (e.g. [ACI-->WF]); 2) vascularized WF lymph nodes were transplanted to syngeneic WF recipients; 3) nonvascularized ACI lymph nodes were transplanted to [ACI-->WF] chimeric recipients; 4) vascularized ACI lymph nodes were transplanted to [ACI-->WF] chimeric recipients. RESULTS: Transplantation of vascularized ACI lymph nodes to [ACI-->WF] chimeric recipient rats resulted in severe and sometimes lethal GVHD. In contrast, neither the infusion of purified ACI LN cells nor the transplantation of nonvascularized LNs led to GVHD in chimeric recipients. CONCLUSIONS: When introducing allogeneic cells into chimeric recipients, concomitant transplantation of the vascularized LN microenvironment makes a manifest difference between induction and absence of GVHD. This illustrates the important role of the LN microenvironment in adaptive immune responses.

Risk acceptance in composite-tissue allotransplantation reconstructive procedures.

Composite-tissue allotransplantation (CTA) is a new therapeutic modality to reconstruct major tissue defects of the face, larynx, and extremities. Unlike most life-saving organ-transplantation procedures, CTA is considered to improve quality of life. Therefore, the question arises, do the risks posed by the immunosuppression drugs that patients must take to prevent rejection justify the benefits of these procedures? The purpose of this study was to assess the relative risk that individuals are willing to accept in order to receive the benefits of CTA procedures. We used a psychometrically reliable and valid instrument to question two primary populations of individuals: those who live with the risks of immunosuppression, and healthy individuals. The level of risk acceptance for the seven transplant procedures tested (foot, single hand, double hand, larynx, kidney, hemiface, and full face) showed significant differences in research participants' risk acceptance for the different transplant procedures, but no significant differences between groups. Based on these findings, we conclude that certain CTA procedures convey benefits to recipients that are perceived by subjects, including individuals who live with the risks of immunosuppression, to warrant the risks of these procedures.

Lymphadenectomy prior to rat hind limb allotransplantation prevents graft-versus-host disease in chimeric hosts.

In previous rat studies, the use of mixed allogeneic chimerism (MAC) to induce host tolerance to hind limb allografts has resulted in severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The purpose of this study was to determine if immunocompetent cells in bone marrow (BM) and/or lymph nodes (LNs) of transplanted limbs were responsible for inducing GVHD in mixed chimeric hosts. [ACI-->Wistar Furth] chimeric rats received ACI hind limbs that were non-irradiated, irradiated (1050 cGy) or lymphadenectomized. Rejection, GVHD and donor chimerism was assessed. Chimeric hosts rejected none of their limbs. However, hosts of non-irradiated hind limbs succumbed to GVHD 22.4+/-0.8 days after transplantation. In contrast, chimeras that received irradiated or lymphadenectomized ACI hind limbs showed no clinical or histological signs of GVHD at 5 months. We conclude that mixed chimeric hosts are susceptible to GVHD due to the immunocompetent cell load provided by the LNs, not the BM, of hind limb allografts.

Low-dose immunosuppression in a rat hind-limb transplantation model.

Composite tissue allografts (CTAs) offer an alternative to conventional reconstructive methods. However, the toxicity of the drugs that are required to prevent rejection has prevented its widespread clinical application. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a low-dose, corticosteroid-free combination regimen of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) would prevent rejection in a rat hind-limb model, with minimal toxic side effects. Three groups were used in this study. In group I, Wistar Furth (WF) rats received a syngeneic WF hind-limb. In groups II and III, WF rats received an ACI hind-limb. The latter were treated with tacrolimus-MMF. Assessment for rejection, flow cytometry, and mixed lymphocyte reactions was performed. Biopsies were taken regularly and at the time of killing. Combination therapy with low-dose tacrolimus-MMF effectively prolonged CTA survival indefinitely, with minimal side effects. Toxicity associated with immunosuppressive drugs can be avoided in a low-dose combination corticosteroid-free regimen.

Composite tissue allotransplantation in chimeric hosts: part I. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease.

BACKGROUND: Mixed allogeneic chimerism (MAC) has been shown to induce tolerance to composite tissue allografts (CTA). However, transplantation of unmanipulated donor-specific limbs results in severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This suggests that nontolerant mature donor-derived cells in the CTA may affect the stability of chimerism, potentially resulting in GVHD. The aim of this study was to develop an approach to study and prevent GVHD in a mixed chimeric-rat hind-limb transplantation model. METHODS: [ACI-->WF] chimeras received a limb from Wistar Furth (WF) (syngeneic), Fisher (third-party), or ACI (irradiated [1,050 cGy] or nonirradiated) rats. In vitro tolerance was assessed using mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) assays at the time the animals were killed. RESULTS: [ACI-->WF] chimeras with greater than 85% chimerism exhibited rejection-free survival of donor-specific hind limbs. However, 100% of these animals developed lethal GVHD 22.4+/-2.8 days after limb transplantation. [ACI-->WF] chimeras that underwent transplantation with irradiated ACI or syngeneic WF limbs showed no signs of rejection or GVHD at 5 months. Nonchimeric and third-party controls rejected limbs within 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Conditioning of the host WF rats with 950 cGy of irradiation (sublethal, myeloablative) led to high levels of MAC without GVHD. The mature T-cell content of nonirradiated donor (ACI) limbs was sufficient to induce lethal GVHD in 100% of tolerant mixed chimeric [ACI-->WF] hosts. Irradiation of donor limbs before transplantation resulted in long-term donor-specific tolerance and prevented GVHD. These data demonstrate that (1) established chimeras could be susceptible to GVHD caused by immunocompetent donor cells transferred with the hind limb, and (2) inactivating these cells with irradiation prevents GVHD and destabilization of chimerism, and permits rejection-free graft acceptance.

Composite tissue allotransplantation in chimeric hosts part II. A clinically relevant protocol to induce tolerance in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: We and others have shown that mixed allogeneic chimerism induces donor-specific tolerance to composite tissue allografts across major histocompatibility complex barriers without the need for immunosuppression. However, a delay period between bone marrow transplantation and limb allotransplantation is required, making such protocols impractical for clinical application. This study eliminates this delay period in a rat hind limb allotransplantation model by performing mixed allogeneic chimerism induction and transplantation "simultaneously." METHODS: Group 1 included controls in which naïve Wistar Furth (WF) hosts received ACI hind limbs. Group 2 included (ACI-->WF) chimeras that received limbs from third-party donors (Fisher), and group 3 included chimeras that received irradiated (1,050 cGy) ACI limbs. In group 4, WF hosts conditioned with 950 cGy received irradiated (1,050 cGy) ACI limbs followed by infusion of 100 x 10(6) ACI T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells and immunotherapy (tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil) for 28 days. Group 5 animals received the same treatment as group 4 animals without immunotherapy. RESULTS: The rats in groups 1 and 2 rejected their limbs within 10 days. Only one rat in group 4 survived to the end of the study. Groups 3 and 5 demonstrated long-term limb survival without rejection or graft-versus-host disease. High levels of donor chimerism (>80%) were achieved and maintained throughout the study. Mixed lymphocyte reaction assays in both groups revealed donor-specific hyporesponsiveness with vigorous third-party reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that infusion of donor bone marrow cells into conditioned hosts immediately after limb transplantation results in stable mixed chimerism, robust tolerance, and reliable limb allograft survival.