Updated geriatric cardiology guidelines of the brazilian society of cardiology ­ 2019 / Atualização das diretrizes em cardiogeriatria da sociedade brasileira de cardiologia ­ 2019

Development: The Department of Geriatric Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Departamento de Cardiogeriatria da Sociedade Brasileira da Cardiologia) and the Brazilian Geriatrics and Gerontology Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia). (AU)

Atrial fibrillation in the elderly.

This review discusses atrial fibrillation according to the guidelines of Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias and the Brazilian Cardiogeriatrics Guidelines. We stress the thromboembolic burden of atrial fibrillation and discuss how to prevent it as well as the best way to conduct cases of atrial fibrillatios in the elderly, reverting the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm, or the option of heart rate control. The new methods to treat atrial fibrillation, such as radiofrequency ablation, new oral direct thrombin inhibitors and Xa factor inhibitors, as well as new antiarrhythmic drugs, are depicted.

Atrial fibrillation in the elderly / 老年心脏病学杂志（英文版）

This review discusses atrial fibrillation according to the guidelines of Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias and the Brazilian Cardiogeriatrics Guidelines. We stress the thromboembolic burden of atrial fibrillation and discuss how to prevent it as well as the best way to conduct cases of atrial fibrillatios in the elderly, reverting the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm, or the option of heart rate control. The new methods to treat atrial fibrillation, such as radiofrequency ablation, new oral direct thrombin inhibitors and Xa factor inhibitors, as well as new antiarrhythmic drugs, are depicted.

Tabagismo no currículo da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo / Tobacco education in the curriculum of the Mercy Hospital School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil

Este trabalho avalia a inclusão da problemática do tabagismo no currículo da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) e investiga o envolvimento de alunos e professores de Medicina e Enfermagem em relação ao assunto. Coordenadores das disciplinas dos dois cursos dessa faculdade foram entrevistados sobre abordagem do tabagismo e engajamento pessoal no assunto. Pedimos que formulassem questões sobre tabagismo discutidas durante o curso. Entrevistamos 120 alunos do curso médico e 80 do curso de Enfermagem, aplicando-lhes as questões formuladas. Alunos dos dois últimos períodos dos dois cursos responderam, ainda, a perguntas sobre o trato com pacientes. Os resultados apontam suficiente carga horária destinada ao assunto, havendo disciplinas com aulas específicas sobre tabagismo e outras que abordam o assunto num contexto mais amplo. Os alunos tiveram êxito nos questionários, ficando claro que o assunto é abordado com competência. A maioria dos professores de Medicina tem contato com pacientes, mas um pequeno número questiona sobre o tabagismo, porém não orienta seus pacientes a abandoná-lo. Uma minoria dos professores de Enfermagem tem contato com pacientes, mas, quando tem, questiona e orienta seus pacientes sobre o assunto. Alunos dos últimos períodos dos dois cursos, na maioria das vezes, questionam sobre tabagismo, porém são inseguros quanto ao seguimento das orientações. Concluímos que os alunos formandos estão preparados para enfrentar os problemas referentes ao tabagismo, mas os professores estão pouco envolvidos.

This study analyzes the inclusion of tobacco use in the curriculum of the São Paulo Mercy Hospital School of Medicine (FCMSCSP) and studies the involvement by medical and nursing students and faculty in this topic. Course coordinators from the two courses were interviewed on the approach to smoking and personal involvement in the issue. We asked them to draft questions on smoking as discussed during their courses. We interviewed 120 medical students and 80 nursing students. Patients from the last two semesters in the two courses were also asked about patient treatment. The findings point to a sufficient number of class hours on the subject, with some disciplines including specific classes on smoking and others approaching it within a broader context. The students answered the questionnaires successfully, demonstrating clearly that the topic is approached competently. Most of the medical school professors have direct contact with patients, but few ask about the smoking habit or orient their patients to quit. Few nursing professors have contact with patients, but when they do they provide patients with appropriate orientation. Most students from the last two semesters usually ask patients about smoking, but they are insecure about how closely their orientation is followed. We conclude that by the end of their undergraduate training students are ready to deal with smoking-related problems, but professors show limited involvement in the issue.

Bilateral papillary muscle infarction in a chagasic patient.

We report a case of a 59-year-old patient diagnosed with chagasic cardiomyopathy, who manifested sudden heart failure while hospitalized, evolving to death due to cardiogenic and septic shock. Anatomical-pathological studies revealed infarction of the papillary muscles together with histological changes compatible with 48 to 72 hours of evolution. Pulmonary edema was considered the cause of death, probably related to mitral regurgitation of ischemic nature. The cause of the papillary muscle infarction was not elucidated by study of the coronary tree, which presented no signs of recent thrombosis. Explanation for the papillary muscle infarction in this patient may be related to the presence of alterations in microcirculation represented by vasodilation and the consequent phenomenon of "stealing" of blood flow in this territory to the detriment of other areas, or due to the fact that the papillary muscles may represent convergence zones of two distinct coronary circulations.

Manuseio atual das arritmias ventriculares na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio / Management of ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of acute myocardial infarction

As arritmias ventriculares sustentadas são o principal mecanismo de morte súbita. Frequentemente são a primeira manifestação da doença arterial coronariana, e mesmo quando eficazmente revertidas estão associadas a maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Várias anormalidades eletrofisiológicas resultam da isquemia miocárdica. Mecanismos como reentrada, automatismo aumentado e atividade deflagrada estão envolvidos na gênese das arritmias ventriculares na fase aguda do infarto. O conhecimento dos mecanismos e das estratégias de prevenção e tratamento dessas arritmias é essencial no manejo bem-sucedido dos pacientes na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio.

[Off-pump myocardial revascularization in the elderly: analysis of morbidity and mortality]. / Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em idosos: análise da morbidade e mortalidade.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the in-hospital outcome of elderly patients aged 70 years and older who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery with an intraluminal shunt in urgent, emergent, and elective coronary revascularizations. METHODS: From July 1989 to July 2005, we analyzed 87 patients ranging in age from 70 to 92 years. Of the 87 patients enrolled, 50 (57.5%) patients had unstable angina, with three (3.4%) acute myocardial infarction; thirty-one (35.6%) patients underwent urgent and emergent surgery; thirteen (14.9%) patients had myocardial infarction in less than 30 days, and 34 (39.1%) in more than 30 days. RESULTS: The main postoperative complications were: atrial fibrillation (32.2%), heart failure (12.6%), pneumonia (10.3%), septicemia (3.4%), acute myocardial infarction (2.3%), mediastinitis (1.1%) transient ischemic attack (1.1%), and pneumothorax (1.1%). The mean extubation time was 18.50+/-19.09 hours, the length of stay in the intensive care unit was 2.92+/-2.03 days, and hospital length of stay was 10.55+/-7.16 days. Packed red cells were given to nine (10.34%) patients and none of them was operated due to bleeding. The in-hospital mortality was 4.6%. CONCLUSIONS: In patients over 70 years-old, elective and non-elective off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting with intracoronary shunt showed to be safe and effective, associated with low rates of postoperative complications and mortality in relation to the studied population.

Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em idosos: análise da morbidade e mortalidade / Off-pump myocardial revascularization in the elderly: analysis of morbidity and mortality

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução intra-hospitalar de doentes com 70 anos de idade ou mais, submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea, com uso de shunt intracoronário, operados na urgência, emergência e eletivamente. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos à cirurgia 87 doentes com idade entre 70 e 92 anos de julho de 1989 a julho de 2005. Dos 87 doentes, 50 (57,5 por cento) eram portadores de angina instável, sendo três (3,4 por cento) na vigência de infarto agudo do miocárdio. Foram operados em caráter de emergência e urgência 31 (35,6 por cento) doentes. De todo o grupo, havia 13 (14,9 por cento) doentes com infarto ocorrido em até 30 dias e 34 (39,1 por cento) com infarto ocorrido há mais de 30 dias. RESULTADOS: As complicações mais freqüentes foram: fibrilação atrial (32,2 por cento), insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (12,6 por cento), broncopneumonia (10,3 por cento), sepse (3,4 por cento), infarto agudo do miocárdio peri-operatório (2,3 por cento), mediastinite (1,1 por cento), acidente isquêmico transitório (1,1 por cento), pneumotórax (1,1 por cento). O tempo médio de intubação foi de 18,50±19,09 horas; permanência em UTI, 2,92±2,03 dias, e hospitalar, 10,55±7,16 dias. Apenas nove (10,3 por cento) doentes receberam concentrado de hemácias no pós-operatório e nenhum foi reoperado por sangramento. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,6 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Em doentes acima de 70 anos, operados na emergência, urgência e eletivamente, a revascularização do miocárdio sem extracorpórea com shunt intracoronário apresentou adequada evolução pós-operatória e baixos índices de complicações e mortalidade em relação à população estudada.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the in-hospital outcome of elderly patients aged 70 years and older who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery with an intraluminal shunt in urgent, emergent, and elective coronary revascularizations. METHODS: From July 1989 to July 2005, we analyzed 87 patients ranging in age from 70 to 92 years. Of the 87 patients enrolled, 50 (57.5 percent) patients had unstable angina, with three (3.4 percent) acute myocardial infarction; thirty-one (35.6 percent) patients underwent urgent and emergent surgery; thirteen (14.9 percent) patients had myocardial infarction in less than 30 days, and 34 (39.1 percent) in more than 30 days. RESULTS: The main postoperative complications were: atrial fibrillation (32.2 percent), heart failure (12.6 percent), pneumonia (10.3 percent), septicemia (3.4 percent), acute myocardial infarction (2.3 percent), mediastinitis (1.1 percent) transient ischemic attack (1.1 percent), and pneumothorax (1.1 percent). The mean extubation time was 18.50±19.09 hours, the length of stay in the intensive care unit was 2.92±2.03 days, and hospital length of stay was 10.55±7.16 days. Packed red cells were given to nine (10.34 percent) patients and none of them was operated due to bleeding. The in-hospital mortality was 4,6 percent. CONCLUSIONS: In patients over 70 years-old, elective and non-elective off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting with intracoronary shunt showed to be safe and effective, associated with low rates of postoperative complications and mortality in relation to the studied population.