Orogen-scale uplift in the central Italian Apennines drives episodic behaviour of earthquake faults.

Many areas of the Earth's crust deform by distributed extensional faulting and complex fault interactions are often observed. Geodetic data generally indicate a simpler picture of continuum deformation over decades but relating this behaviour to earthquake occurrence over centuries, given numerous potentially active faults, remains a global problem in hazard assessment. We address this challenge for an array of seismogenic faults in the central Italian Apennines, where crustal extension and devastating earthquakes occur in response to regional surface uplift. We constrain fault slip-rates since ~18 ka using variations in cosmogenic 36Cl measured on bedrock scarps, mapped using LiDAR and ground penetrating radar, and compare these rates to those inferred from geodesy. The 36Cl data reveal that individual faults typically accumulate meters of displacement relatively rapidly over several thousand years, separated by similar length time intervals when slip-rates are much lower, and activity shifts between faults across strike. Our rates agree with continuum deformation rates when averaged over long spatial or temporal scales (104 yr; 102 km) but over shorter timescales most of the deformation may be accommodated by <30% of the across-strike fault array. We attribute the shifts in activity to temporal variations in the mechanical work of faulting.

Ultra-trace analysis of 36Cl by accelerator mass spectrometry: an interlaboratory study.

A first international (36)Cl interlaboratory comparison has been initiated. Evaluation of the final results of the eight participating accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratories on three synthetic AgCl samples with (36)Cl/Cl ratios at the 10(-11), 10(-12), and 10(-13) level shows no difference in the sense of simple statistical significance. However, more detailed statistical analyses demonstrate certain interlaboratory bias and underestimation of uncertainties by some laboratories. Following subsequent remeasurement and reanalysis of the data from some AMS facilities, the round-robin data indicate that (36)Cl/Cl data from two individual AMS laboratories can differ by up to 17%. Thus, the demand for further work on harmonising the (36)Cl-system on a worldwide scale and enlarging the improvement of measurements is obvious.

Comparison of DNA-adduct and tissue-available dose levels of MeIQx in human and rodent colon following administration of a very low dose.

[2-14C]2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) was administered orally (304 ng/kg body-weight dose based upon an average 70-kg-body-weight subject) to 5 human colon-cancer patients (58 to 84 years old), as well as to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Colon tissue was collected from the human subjects at surgery and from the rodents 3.5 to 6 hr after administration. Colon DNA-adduct levels and tissue available doses were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The mean levels of MeIQx in the histologically normal colon tissue were not different among the human (97 +/- 26 pg MeIQx/g), rat (133 +/- 15 pg/g) or mouse (78 +/- 10 pg/g) tissues; and no difference existed between the levels detected in human normal and tumor tissue (101 +/- 15 pg/g). Mean DNA-adduct levels in normal human colon (26 +/- 4 adducts/10(12) nucleotides) were significantly greater (p < 0.01) than in rats (17.1 +/- 1 adduct/10(12) nucleotides) or mice (20.6 +/- 0.9 adduct/10(12) nucleotides). No difference existed in adduct levels between normal and tumor tissue in humans. These results show that MeIQx forms DNA adducts in human colon at low dose, and that the human colon may be more sensitive to the effects of MeIQx than that of mice or rats.

Analytical performance of accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting for detection of 14C-labeled atrazine metabolites in human urine.

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to the detection of 14C-labeled urinary metabolites of the triazine herbicide, atrazine, and the analytical performance of AMS has been directly compared to that of liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Ten human subjects were given a dermal dose of 14C-labeled atrazine over 24 h, and urine from the subjects was collected over a 7-day period. Concentrations of 14C in the samples have been determined by AMS and LSC and range from 1.8 fmol/mL to 4.3 pmol/mL. Data from these two methods have a correlation coefficient of 0.998 for a linear plot of the entire sample set. Accelerator mass spectrometry provides superior concentration (2.2 vs 27 fmol/mL) and mass (5.5 vs 54,000 amol) detection limits relative to those of LSC for these samples. The precision of the data provided by AMS for low-level samples is 1.7%, and the day-to-day reproducibility of the AMS measurements is 3.9%. Factors limiting AMS detection limits for these samples and ways in which these can be improved are examined.

Covalent binding of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline to albumin and hemoglobin at environmentally relevant doses. Comparison of human subjects and F344 rats.

Covalent binding of the food-borne heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) to albumin and hemoglobin (Hb), 3.5-6.0 hr after oral administration of a single dose of either 21.3 or 228.0 microg of [14C]MeIQx (304 and 3257 ng/kg of body weight, respectively, based on a 70-kg subject weight), was studied in human volunteers using accelerator mass spectrometry. Human protein adduct levels were compared with data obtained for male F344 rats 4.5 hr after oral administration of 0.94-11,420 ng/kg of body weight [14C]MeIQx. Dose-dependent levels of MeIQx-albumin and MeIQx-Hb adducts were detected in both humans and rats. In each case, the regression coefficient (slope) of the dose-response curve was approximately 1. The highest levels of adduct formation per unit dose of MeIQx occurred with human albumin, followed by rat albumin, human Hb, and rat Hb (in that order). Although the human subjects were elderly and underwent colon resection surgery during the study period, the results indicate that formation of albumin and Hb adducts is dose dependent and that a trend exists for higher adduct levels per unit dose in humans, compared with F344 rats. Furthermore, MeIQx-albumin adducts are likely to provide a more sensitive marker of exposure to MeIQx than are MeIQx-Hb adducts.

Distribution and metabolism of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in female rats and their pups at dietary doses.

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a mammary carcinogen in female rats and is present in a wide variety of cooked meats. We address here the excretion of PhIP and its metabolites into the breast-milk of lactating rats and the ability of chlorophyllin, a food product derivative with chemopreventive properties, to affect these levels at low PhIP doses. Lactating female F344 rats with suckling pups were orally administered 50, 500 and 1000 ng [14C]PhIP/kg body weight. The excretion of the [14C]PhIP into milk and its distribution among the mammary tissue, liver and blood of the dam, as well as among stomach contents and liver of their suckling pups was measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). PhIP, PhIP-4'-sulfate, 4'-hydroxy-PhIP, and N2-hydroxy-PhIP-N3-glucuronide were found in the milk at all doses. The chlorophyllin (500 microg/kg) co-administration with PhIP (500 ng/kg) caused increased levels of [14C]PhIP in the milk (32%) and stomach contents (35%) of the pups relative to the animals not receiving chlorophyllin at these low PhIP doses. In contrast, lower [14C]PhIP levels in the chlorophyllin treated animals were observed in the blood (47%) and mammary tissue (68%) of the dam, as well as the pup's liver tissue (37%) compared to the animals receiving only PhIP. Chlorophyllin co-administration resulted in an increased amount of N2-hydroxy-PhIP-N3-glucuronide (42%), increased PhIP (79%) and decreased levels of PhIP-4'-sulphate (77%) relative to the animals not receiving chlorophyllin. These results suggest that PhIP and PhIP metabolites are present in the breast-milk of lactating rats at human dietary PhIP exposures and that PhIP is absorbed by the newborn. Furthermore, these results suggest that other dietary components can affect the dosimetry of PhIP in breast-feeding offspring.

Tooth preparation for full-coverage restorations using the enamel milling technique.

There are many acceptable methods of tooth preparation for full-coverage restorations. The technique used should be systematic, with step-by-step procedures to produce an easily followed routine. This will minimize undesirable, haphazard tooth reduction. The technique presented in this paper is a simple, exacting, and conservative method of tooth reduction, requiring a minimum of instrumentation.