Heart rate variability: A biomarker of selective response to mindfulness-based treatment versus fluoxetine in generalized anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are effective for some, but not all patients with anxiety disorders, but no clinical features have been consistently able to differentiate which patients are more likely to respond. In this study, we tested heart rate variability (HRV), a proposed correlate of regulated emotional response, as a moderator of treatment response to an MBI compared with pharmacotherapy. METHODS: Seventy-seven patients with GAD had HRV data collected before randomization to pharmacological treatment with fluoxetine or Body-in-Mind Training (an MBI focused on bodily movement attention). HRV was used to predict treatment response measured by the Hamilton anxiety rating scale at 0 (baseline), 5, and 8 weeks (end of the intervention). RESULTS: The HF (nu) index of HRV was a strong moderator of treatment response between BMT and fluoxetine (estimate = 4.27 95%CI [1.19, 8.19]). Although fluoxetine was overall slightly superior to BMT in this study, no differences were found between groups in patients with high HF (nu) scores (estimate = -1.85 CI95% [-9.21, 5.52]). In contrast, patients with low HF (nu) achieved lower anxiety rating scores with fluoxetine treatment when compared with BMT (estimate = -10.29, 95% CI [-17.59, -2.99]). LIMITATIONS: A relatively small sample of patients was included. CONCLUSIONS: HRV was able to identify a subgroup for which MBI was less effective than pharmacotherapy and is a promising candidate as a selective biomarker for treatment response between an MBI and fluoxetine.

Demographics, clinical characteristics and quality of life of Brazilian women with driving phobia.

Driving phobia is associated with serious consequences such as restriction of freedom, career impairments and social embarrassment. The main objective of this paper is to compare clinical characteristics and quality of life between women with driving phobia and women without this phobia. These factors were assessed using structured interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, scales and inventories. We accessed diagnoses, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, anxiety traits, driving cognitions and quality of life. There was no difference between groups with regard to demographic data and driving history. Both groups were also equivalent in the number of traumatic events and accidents experienced while driving or riding. The fear of driving group showed higher state and trait anxiety scores. A high frequency of cognitive distortions can explain why people with driving phobia often engage in maladaptive safety behaviors in an attempt to protect themselves from unpredicted dangers when driving. Regarding quality of life, the control group had slightly higher scores on all subscales, but significant differences were observed for only three scales: "functional capacity", "social aspects", and "mental health". More studies with larger samples more instruments and other contexts are needed to further investigate the clinical characteristics and personality traits of people who have a fear of driving.

The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy in treating bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest that, when combined with pharmacotherapy, structured psychotherapy may modify the course of bipolar disorder. However, there are few studies that have examined the effects of cognitive behavioral group therapy on the course of this disorder. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 14 sessions of cognitive behavioral group therapy, combined with pharmacotherapy, on the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder, and to compare our results against those from the use of pharmacotherapy alone. METHOD: Forty-one patients with bipolar I and II disorder participated in the study and were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups; thirty-seven patients remained in the study until its completion. Mood and anxiety symptoms were measured in all subjects. Statistical analysis was used to investigate if the groups differed with respect to demographic characteristics and the scores recorded in the pre- and post-treatment stages, as well as during treatment (intra/inter groups). RESULTS: Patients showed statistically similar population characteristics. The association of cognitive behavioral group therapy and pharmacological treatment proved to be effective. Patients who had undergone cognitive behavioral group therapy presented fewer symptoms of mania, depression and anxiety, as well as fewer and shorter mood change episodes. CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral group therapy sessions substantially contributed to the improvement of depression symptoms.

The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy in treating bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled study / A eficácia da terapia cognitivo-comportamental para o tratamento do transtorno bipolar: um estudo controlado e randomizado

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest that, when combined with pharmacotherapy, structured psychotherapy may modify the course of bipolar disorder. However, there are few studies that have examined the effects of cognitive behavioral group therapy on the course of this disorder. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 14 sessions of cognitive behavioral group therapy, combined with pharmacotherapy, on the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder, and to compare our results against those from the use of pharmacotherapy alone. METHOD: Forty-one patients with bipolar I and II disorder participated in the study and were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups; thirty-seven patients remained in the study until its completion. Mood and anxiety symptoms were measured in all subjects. Statistical analysis was used to investigate if the groups differed with respect to demographic characteristics and the scores recorded in the pre- and post-treatment stages, as well as during treatment (intra/inter groups). RESULTS: Patients showed statistically similar population characteristics. The association of cognitive behavioral group therapy and pharmacological treatment proved to be effective. Patients who had undergone cognitive behavioral group therapy presented fewer symptoms of mania, depression and anxiety, as well as fewer and shorter mood change episodes. CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral group therapy sessions substantially contributed to the improvement of depression symptoms.

OBJETIVO: Estudos recentes sugerem que uma psicoterapia estruturada aplicada junto com a farmacoterapia pode alterar o curso do transtorno afetivo bipolar. Entretanto, poucos estudos investigam os resultados da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo sobre este transtorno psiquiátrico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficácia de 14 sessões de terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo concomitante à farmacoterapia para bipolares e comparar com a farmacoterapia sozinha. MÉTODO: Quarenta e um pacientes com transtorno bipolar I e II participaram do estudo e foram alocados aleatoriamente para um dos dois grupos; trinta e sete preencheram todas as escalas. Os sintomas de humor e ansiedade de todos os participantes foram avaliados. A análise estatística foi utilizada para investigar se os grupos diferiam com relação aos dados demográficos e entre os escores pré-, durante e pós-tratamento (intra/intergrupos). RESULTADOS: Os participantes dos dois grupos mostraram-se similares nas características demográficas. A adição da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo ao tratamento farmacológico foi efetiva. O grupo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo apresentou menos sintomas de mania, depressão e ansiedade, bem como uma redução na frequência e duração dos episódios de humor. CONCLUSÃO: As sessões de terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo foram especialmente importantes na melhora dos sintomas depressivos.

Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder: causes, consequences and therapeutic implications.

Multiple respiratory abnormalities can be found in anxiety disorders, especially in panic disorder (PD). Individuals with PD experience unexpected panic attacks, characterized by anxiety and fear, resulting in a number of autonomic and respiratory symptoms. Respiratory stimulation is a common event during panic attacks. The respiratory abnormality most often reported in PD patients is increased CO2 sensitivity, which has given rise to the hypothesis of fundamental abnormalities in the physiological mechanisms that control breathing in PD. There is evidence that PD patients with dominant respiratory symptoms are more sensitive to respiratory tests than are those who do not manifest such symptoms, and that the former group constitutes a distinct subtype. Patients with PD tend to hyperventilate and to panic in response to respiratory stimulants such as CO2, triggering the activation of a hypersensitive fear network. Although respiratory physiology seems to remain normal in these subjects, recent evidence supports the idea that they present subclinical abnormalities in respiration and in other functions related to body homeostasis. The fear network, composed of the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and its brain stem projections, might be oversensitive in PD patients. This theory might explain why medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy are both clearly effective. Our aim was to review the relationship between respiration and PD, addressing the respiratory subtype of PD and the hyperventilation syndrome, with a focus on respiratory challenge tests, as well as on the current mechanistic concepts and the pharmacological implications of this relationship.

Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder: causes, consequences and therapeutic implications: [revision] / Manifestações respiratórias do transtorno de pânico: causas, consequências e implicações terapêuticas: [revisão]

Multiple respiratory abnormalities can be found in anxiety disorders, especially in panic disorder (PD). Individuals with PD experience unexpected panic attacks, characterized by anxiety and fear, resulting in a number of autonomic and respiratory symptoms. Respiratory stimulation is a common event during panic attacks. The respiratory abnormality most often reported in PD patients is increased CO2 sensitivity, which has given rise to the hypothesis of fundamental abnormalities in the physiological mechanisms that control breathing in PD. There is evidence that PD patients with dominant respiratory symptoms are more sensitive to respiratory tests than are those who do not manifest such symptoms, and that the former group constitutes a distinct subtype. Patients with PD tend to hyperventilate and to panic in response to respiratory stimulants such as CO2, triggering the activation of a hypersensitive fear network. Although respiratory physiology seems to remain normal in these subjects, recent evidence supports the idea that they present subclinical abnormalities in respiration and in other functions related to body homeostasis. The fear network, composed of the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and its brain stem projections, might be oversensitive in PD patients. This theory might explain why medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy are both clearly effective. Our aim was to review the relationship between respiration and PD, addressing the respiratory subtype of PD and the hyperventilation syndrome, with a focus on respiratory challenge tests, as well as on the current mechanistic concepts and the pharmacological implications of this relationship.

Múltiplas anormalidades respiratórias podem ser encontradas em pacientes com transtornos de ansiedade, particularmente no transtorno de pânico (TP). Indivíduos com TP experimentam ataques de pânico inesperados, caracterizados por ansiedade, medo e diversos sintomas autonômicos e respiratórios. A estimulação respiratória é um fenômeno comum durante os ataques de pânico. A anormalidade respiratória mais citada em pacientes com TP é a sensibilidade aumentada para o CO2, que originou a hipótese de uma disfunção fundamental nos mecanismos fisiológicos de controle da respiração no TP. Há evidências de que pacientes com TP com sintomas respiratórios predominantes são mais sensíveis a testes respiratórios do que aqueles sem a manifestação de tais sintomas, representando um subtipo distinto. Pacientes com TP tendem a hiperventilar e a reagir com pânico como resposta a estimulantes respiratórios como o CO2, gerando uma ativação de um circuito de medo hipersensível. Apesar de a fisiologia respiratória desses pacientes permanecer normal, algumas evidências recentes apontam a presença de disfunções subclínicas na respiração e em outras funções relacionadas à homeostase corporal. O circuito do medo, composto pelo hipocampo, córtex pré-frontal medial, amígdala e projeções do tronco cerebral, pode estar hipersensível em pacientes com TP. Essa teoria pode explicar porque os medicamentos e a terapia cognitivocomportamental são claramente eficazes. Nosso objetivo foi revisar a relação entre respiração e TP, especialmente o subtipo respiratório de TP e a síndrome da hiperventilação, focalizando os testes respiratórios, bem como as hipóteses mecanísticas e as implicações farmacológicas dessa relação.

Medicação antipânico e função pulmonar em pacientes com transtorno de pânico / Antipanic drugs and pulmonary function in panic disorder patients

CONTEXTO: Estudos sugerem uma associação entre transtorno de pânico (TP) e prejuízos na função pulmonar. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a função pulmonar em 11 pacientes com TP assintomáticos e investigar efeitos da medicação antipânico na função respiratória. MÉTODO: A função pulmonar foi avaliada em duas ocasiões diferentes (com medicação antipânico e após "washout"). Consistiu de uma avaliação espirométrica e do teste de broncodilatação (inalação de salbutamol). Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) foi aplicada antes e após cada teste espirométrico. RESULTADOS: Um paciente apresentou obstrução leve de vias aéreas. Antes do teste de broncodilatação, o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e o fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25 por cento e 75 por cento da capacidade vital forçada (FEF25-75) foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com medicação antipânico do que no período de "washout". Após a inalação de salbutamol, apenas o VEF1 foi significativamente maior em pacientes com medicação antipânico em comparação ao outro grupo, embora tenha sido detectado aumento significativo em VEF1 e FEF25-75 em pacientes sem medicação antipânico depois da inalação de salbutamol. O nível de ansiedade subjetiva não foi diferente entre os pacientes em ambos os dias de testes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem uma possível ação benéfica da medicação antipânico na função pulmonar em pacientes com TP.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest an association between panic disorder (PD) and impairment of lung function. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate lung function in 11 asymptomatic PD patients and to investigate antipanic drug effects on respiratory function. METHOD: Lung function was evaluated on two different occasions (with antipanic drugs and after drug washout). It was comprised of a spirometric evaluation and a bronchodilation test (salbutamol inhalation). Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) was applied before and after each spirometric assessment. RESULTS: One patient showed mild obstructive airway impairment. Before bronchodilation test forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25 percent and 75 percent of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) were significantly higher in patients on antipanic drugs than in those in the washout period. After salbutamol inhalation, only FEV1 was significantly higher in patients with antipanic drugs in comparison to the other group, whereas a significant increase in FEV1 and FEF25-75 after salbutamol inhalation was detected in patients without antipanic drugs. The subjective anxiety level was not different among PD patients in both test days. DISCUSSION: These results suggest a possible beneficial effect of the antipanic drug on lung function in PD patients.

O tabagismo e o transtorno do pânico: gravidade e comorbidades / Smoking and panic disorder: severity and comorbidities

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos indicam que há uma associação entre tabagismo e transtorno do pânico, e alguns autores sugerem que o tabagismo aumenta o risco de ataques de pânico e transtorno do pânico. Este estudo analisa a hipótese de que pacientes fumantes com esse transtorno apresentam um quadro clínico mais grave. MÉTODO: Sessenta e quatro pacientes em tratamento no Laboratório do Pânico e Respiração (Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), com transtorno do pânico, segundo critérios do Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais (DSM, 4ª edição), foram divididos em grupos de tabagistas e não-tabagistas. Os grupos foram avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, comorbidades e gravidade do quadro clínico. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à gravidade do transtorno do pânico; no entanto, tabagistas tiveram prevalência de depressão significativamente maior (p = 0,014) do que não-tabagistas. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo não evidenciou que o transtorno do pânico em tabagistas é mais grave, porém indicou que esses pacientes têm mais comorbidade com depressão.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies indicate that panic disorder and tobacco smoking are associated, and some authors hypothesize that smoking increases the risk of panic attacks and panic disorder. The objective of this study is to investigate whether smokers have a more severe form of panic disorder than non-smokers. METHOD: Sixty-four patients already in treatment at the Laboratory of Panic and Respiration (Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) with panic disorder as established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, were divided into groups of smokers and non-smokers. Both groups were compared regarding sociodemographic data, comorbidities and clinical status severity. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding severity; however, prevalence of depression was significantly higher in the smoker group than in non-smokers (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: This study did not indicate that smokers have a more severe form of panic disorder, but smoking and comorbid depression were associated.