Heart rate variability, salivary cortisol and competitive state anxiety responses during pre-competition and pre-training moments.

The study aimed to investigate physiological and psychological states prior to competition and prior to training in three different demanding activities. Eighteen canoe athletes, 18 street runners and 18 jiu-jitsu fighters were included in this study (n=54). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), salivary cortisol and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured at two time points (pre-training and pre-competition). Somatic anxiety (F1,42 = 15.29, p = 0.0003), HRV (F1,42 = 23.24, p < 0.0001) and salivary cortisol (F1,42 = 22.96, p < 0.0001) were significantly greater at the pre-competition measurement point than at the pre-training point, but without a main effect of the type of athlete on these variables. A main effect of the type of athlete was found on somatic anxiety (F2,42 = 6.58, p = 0.0033), cognitive anxiety (F2,42 = 10.69, p = 0.0002) and self-confidence (F2,42 = 5.42, p = 0.0080). Correlations between most CSAI-2 and physiological parameters were not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that both emotional indices and psychophysiological indices of stress are higher before competition than before training, with differences between emotional states between these sports. Although correlations between emotional states and psycho-physiological states before competition and before training were largely non-significant, these findings reinforce the importance of psychological monitoring of athletes in association with traditional physiological markers such as cortisol and HRV in sportive training programmes as complementary resources to improve both competition performance and the training routine.

Treinamento concorrente: Endurance x Força / Concurrent training: Endurance vs. Strength

Os efeitos do treinamento concorrente (TC) têm sido investigados desde a década de 80. Contudo, ainda existem muitas controversas sobre o seu efeito crônico. O objetivo deste estudo foianalisar trabalhos que compararam o comportamento de variáveis relacionadas à morfologia e a performance após a realização do TC. Para tal, foram selecionados 26 artigos no PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e no Google Acadêmico que estudaram seu efeito crônico em seres humanos adultos. Após análise dessas pesquisas verificou-se que as amostras utilizadas foram em ambos os sexos, com um quantitativo de 12 a 50 voluntários. O período de treinamento variou entre 7 e 21 semanas com uma frequência semanal de 2 a 6 dias por semana. Nenhum dos estudos utilizou dieta específica ou relataram o uso de suplementação pelos participantes durante as intervenções. Em relação aos tipos de treinamento observou-se que o TC é capaz de proporcionar uma manutenção ou melhora da composição corporal, reduzindo o percentual de gordura e aumentando a massa magra. O mesmo ocorreu em relação ao VO2máx, assim como o treinamento de endurance. Em relação à força máxima, todos os estudos apresentaram um aumento significante após a realização do TC e do Treinamento de Força (TF), mas em altas velocidades, como na potência, em alguns casos apenas houve a manutenção dos valores iniciais para o TC e o aumento no TF. Embora o TC possa não ser compatível com o desenvolvimento da potência, quando se discute seus benefícios relacionados à saúde, ele se mostrou eficaz...(AU)

The effects of concurrent training (CT) have been investigated since the 1980s. However, there are still many controversies about its chronic effect. The purpose of this research was to analyze studies comparing the behavior of variables related to morphology and performance after CT. For that, 26 articles were selected in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and in Google Scholar that studied its chronic effect in adult humans. After analyzing these studies, it was verified that the samples used were in both sexes, with a quantitative of 12 to 50 volunteers. The training period ranged from 7 to 21 weeks with a weekly frequency of 2 to 6 days per week. None of the studies used a specific diet or reported the use of supplementation by participants during interventions. Regarding the types of training, it was observed that the CT is capable of maintaining or improving body composition, reducing fat percentage and increasing lean mass. The same occurred in relation to VO2max, as well as endurance training. Regarding the maximum force, all the studies presented a significant increase after the accomplishment of the CT and the Strength Training (ST), but in high speeds, as in the power, in some cases only the initial values were maintained for the CT and the increase in ST. Although CT may not be compatible with the development of potency, when discussing its health-related benefits, it has been shown to be effective...(AU)