Oral Tecovirimat for the Treatment of Smallpox.

BACKGROUND: Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, but variola virus (VARV), which causes smallpox, still exists. There is no known effective treatment for smallpox; therefore, tecovirimat is being developed as an oral smallpox therapy. Because clinical trials in a context of natural disease are not possible, an alternative developmental path to evaluate efficacy and safety was needed. METHODS: We investigated the efficacy of tecovirimat in nonhuman primate (monkeypox) and rabbit (rabbitpox) models in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Efficacy Rule, which was interpreted for smallpox therapeutics by an expert advisory committee. We also conducted a placebo-controlled pharmacokinetic and safety trial involving 449 adult volunteers. RESULTS: The minimum dose of tecovirimat required in order to achieve more than 90% survival in the monkeypox model was 10 mg per kilogram of body weight for 14 days, and a dose of 40 mg per kilogram for 14 days was similarly efficacious in the rabbitpox model. Although the effective dose per kilogram was higher in rabbits, exposure was lower, with a mean steady-state maximum, minimum, and average (mean) concentration (Cmax, Cmin, and Cavg, respectively) of 374, 25, and 138 ng per milliliter, respectively, in rabbits and 1444, 169, and 598 ng per milliliter in nonhuman primates, as well as an area under the concentration-time curve over 24 hours (AUC0-24hr) of 3318 ng×hours per milliliter in rabbits and 14,352 ng×hours per milliliter in nonhuman primates. These findings suggested that the nonhuman primate was the more conservative model for the estimation of the required drug exposure in humans. A dose of 600 mg twice daily for 14 days was selected for testing in humans and provided exposures in excess of those in nonhuman primates (mean steady-state Cmax, Cmin, and Cavg of 2209, 690, and 1270 ng per milliliter and AUC0-24hr of 30,632 ng×hours per milliliter). No pattern of troubling adverse events was observed. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of its efficacy in two animal models and pharmacokinetic and safety data in humans, tecovirimat is being advanced as a therapy for smallpox in accordance with the FDA Animal Rule. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474589 .).

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling to determine the dose of ST-246 to protect against smallpox in humans.

Although smallpox has been eradicated, the United States government considers it a "material threat" and has funded the discovery and development of potential therapeutic compounds. As reported here, the human efficacious dose for one of these compounds, ST-246, was determined using efficacy studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs), together with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis that predicted the appropriate dose and exposure levels to provide therapeutic benefit in humans. The efficacy analysis combined the data from studies conducted at three separate facilities that evaluated treatment following infection with a closely related virus, monkeypox virus (MPXV), in a total of 96 NHPs. The effect of infection on ST-246 pharmacokinetics in NHPs was applied to humans using population pharmacokinetic models. Exposure at the selected human dose of 600 mg is more than 4-fold higher than the lowest efficacious dose in NHPs and is predicted to provide protection to more than 95% of the population.

Safety and pharmacokinetics of the anti-orthopoxvirus compound ST-246 following a single daily oral dose for 14 days in human volunteers.

ST-246 is being evaluated as a treatment for pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections in humans. To this end, a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ST-246 when administered as a single daily oral dose (400 mg or 600 mg) for 14 days in fed adult volunteers. ST-246 was safe and well tolerated, with no deaths or serious adverse events reported during the study. There was a low incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), the most common of which were mild nausea and headache. There were no clinically significant results from laboratory assessments, vital sign measurements, physical examinations, or electrocardiograms. The PK and dose proportionality of ST-246 were determined. The PK analysis showed that steady state was achieved by day 5 for the ST-246 400-mg treatment group and by day 6 for the 600-mg group. The dose proportionality analysis showed that the 400- and 600-mg ratio of dose-normalized peak drug concentration in plasma (C(max)) and relative exposure for each dosing interval (AUC(τ)) ranged from 80% to 85%. However, the 90% confidence intervals did not include 1.0, so dose proportionality could not be concluded. Overall, ST-246 was shown to be safe, and the PK was predictable. These results support further testing of ST-246 in a multicenter pivotal clinical safety study for licensure application.

Pharmacokinetic comparison of a single oral dose of polymorph form i versus form V capsules of the antiorthopoxvirus compound ST-246 in human volunteers.

ST-246, a novel compound that inhibits egress of orthopoxvirus from mammalian cells, is being tested as a treatment for pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections in humans. This phase I, double-blind, randomized, crossover, exploratory study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single daily 400-mg oral dose of ST-246 polymorph form I versus polymorph form V administered to fed, healthy human volunteers. Both forms appeared to be well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. The order of administration of the two forms had no effect on the results of the PK analyses. Form I and form V both exhibited comparable plasma concentration versus time profiles, but complete bioequivalence between the two forms was not found. Maximum drug concentration (C(max)) met the bioequivalence criteria, as the 90% confidence interval (CI) was 80.6 to 96.9%. However, the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to time t (AUC(0-t)) and AUC(0-∞) did not meet the bioequivalence criteria (CIs of 67.8 to 91.0% and 73.9 to 104.7%, respectively). The extent of absorption of form I, as defined by AUC(0-∞), was 11.7% lower than that of form V. Since ST-246 form I is more thermostable than form V, form I was selected for further development and use in all future studies.

Safety and pharmacokinetics of the antiorthopoxvirus compound ST-246 following repeat oral dosing in healthy adult subjects.

ST-246, a novel compound that inhibits egress of orthopoxvirus from infected cells, is being evaluated as a treatment for pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections in humans. This phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, escalating multiple-dose study was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ST-246 administered as a single daily oral dose of 250, 400, or 800 mg for 21 days to nonfasting healthy human volunteers. ST-246 appeared to be well tolerated, with no serious adverse events (AEs). Headache, for which one subject in the 800-mg group discontinued the study, was the most commonly reported AE in all treatment groups. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ST-246 was well characterized. The day 21 mean elimination half-lives were calculated at 18.8, 19.8, and 20.7 h for each of the 250-, 400-, and 800-mg/day dose groups, respectively. Steady state was reached by day 6 (within 3 to 5 half-lives), saturable absorption was observed at the 800-mg dose level, and the fraction of parent drug excreted in the urine was very low. Based on these results, administration of 400 mg/day ST-246 can be expected to provide plasma concentrations above the efficacious concentration demonstrated in nonhuman primate models in earlier studies.

ST-246 antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate monkeypox model: determination of the minimal effective dose and human dose justification.

Therapeutics for the treatment of pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections are being sought. In the absence of patients with disease, animal models of orthopoxvirus disease are essential for evaluation of the efficacies of antiviral drugs and establishment of the appropriate dose and duration of human therapy. Infection of nonhuman primates (NHP) by the intravenous injection of monkeypox virus has been used to evaluate a promising therapeutic drug candidate, ST-246. ST-246 administered at 3 days postinfection (which corresponds to the secondary viremia stage of disease) at four different doses (from 100 mg/kg of body weight down to 3 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days was able to offer NHP 100% protection from a lethal infection with monkeypox virus and reduce the viral load and lesion formation. In NHP, the administration of ST-246 at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days resulted in levels of blood exposure comparable to the levels attained in humans administered 400 mg in the fed state. These results suggest that administration of an oral dosage of 400 mg once daily for 14 days will be effective for the prevention or treatment of smallpox or monkeypox infections in humans.

Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of ST-246, a novel orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor.

ST-246 is a novel, potent orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor that is being developed to treat pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections of humans. This phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study (first time with humans) was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ST-246 in healthy human volunteers. ST-246 was administered in single oral doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg to fasting healthy volunteers and 1,000 mg to nonfasting healthy volunteers. ST-246 was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events, and no subject was withdrawn from the study due to ST-246. The most commonly reported drug-related adverse event was neutropenia, which was found, upon further analysis, not to be treatment related. ST-246 was readily absorbed following oral administration with mean times to maximum concentration from 2 h to 3 h. Absorption was greater in nonfasting volunteers than in fasting volunteers. Administration of ST-246 resulted in exposure levels predicted to be sufficient for inhibiting orthopoxvirus replication compared to exposure levels in nonhuman primates in which ST-246 protected animals from lethal orthopoxvirus infection.