Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Active Implantable Hearing Devices: Reports from the Daily Radiological Routine in an Outpatient MR Center.

PURPOSE: For people with hearing implants (HI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) still presents some difficulties due to the built-in magnet. Radiologists often have concerns regarding complications associated with HIs. The aim of this study was to record the experiences of HI users during and after MRI examinations. METHOD: A survey including 15 questions regarding MRI specifics, namely changes in hearing ability, hearing/sound impressions, pain, uncomfortable feelings, etc., were mailed to our patients. RESULTS: Overall, 79 patients with HI had a total of 159 MR examinations in our institute. A total of 45 HI recipients reported back: 35% stated that they had been rejected by an MRI Institute because of their HI. Their feelings/impression ratings during the measurements were not present and therefore were not rated for the majority (49%), 42% of the HI users rated the pain with 0 (no pain), 2% with 1 (very light pain), 4% with 5 (acceptable pain), and 2% rated the pain with 7, which is between acceptable and strong pain. One examination resulted in a dislocation of the magnet of a cochlear implant (CI 512 Cochlear Limited). No adverse events were reported for MED-EL HI users in the survey (none of the contacted AB users answered the questionnaire). The reported mean daily wearing time was 11.6 ± 4.6 h per day for 6.3 ± 1.7 days per week. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results and our experience we conclude that MRI examinations with HI are safe given that the measurements are performed according to the safety policies and procedures released by the manufacturers.

Does the way of weight-bearing matter? Single-leg and both-leg standing radiographic and pedobarographic differences in pediatric flatfoot.

BACKGROUND: An exact definition is lacking for the term "weight-bearing" or different standing modalities when implementing foot radiographs for children and adults; moreover, only few studies have investigated the relationship between radiographic and pedobarographic measurements. RESEARCH QUESTION: We hypothesized that the method of weight-bearing in single-leg and both-leg standing positions could influence the measurement results in radiographs and the distribution of foot pressure. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 33 children (66 feet) with flexible flatfoot deformities scheduled for subtalar screw arthroereisis surgery. Radiographs in the lateral and anteroposterior (AP) views were assessed independently in the single-leg and both-leg standing positions. Static pedobarography was performed as that for measuring weight-bearing. Standardized radiographic angles and pedobarographic data were analysed and correlated. RESULTS: There were differences in radiographic measurements between the single-leg and both-leg standing positions, including the AP talocalcaneal angle (p = 0.032), AP talus-first metatarsal base angle (p = 0.003), AP talus-first metatarsal angle (p = 0.003), lateral calcaneal pitch angle (p = 0.001), talus-first metatarsal index (p = 0.004), and talocalcaneal index (p = 0.029). Moreover, differences between these two standing modalities were found in most of the static pedobarographic data, including the contact area (p = 0001), maximal force (p = 0.001), and peak pressure (p = 0.007). Overall, medial foot pressure increased more in both-leg standing than in the single-leg standing position, whereas radiographic measurements showed a more pronounced flatfoot deformity in the single-leg standing position. The AP talus-first metatarsal angle was the only angle or index with a significant association to some pedobarographic measurements in both standing modalities. SIGNIFICANCE: As there are significant differences between single-leg standing and both-leg standing radiographic and static pedobarographic values, observers have to be precise in the definition of "weight-bearing" to gain reproducible and comparable study values in children and adults. We recommend acquiring both-leg standing foot radiographs because children with flexible flatfeet can stand more steadily in this position than in the single-leg standing position.

Differentiation of pyogenic and fungal brain abscesses with susceptibility-weighted MR sequences.

INTRODUCTION: Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are insufficient to determine the causative agent of brain abscesses. We investigated: (1) the value of susceptibility-weighted MR sequences (SWMRS) in the differentiation of fungal and pyogenic brain abscesses; and (2) the effect of different SWMRS (susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) versus venous blood oxygen level dependent (VenoBOLD)) for the detection of specific imaging characteristics of pyogenic brain abscesses. METHODS: We studied six patients with fungal and ten patients with pyogenic brain abscesses. Imaging characteristics on conventional MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and SWMRS were recorded in all abscesses. All lesions were assessed for the presence of a "dual-rim sign" on SWMRS. RESULTS: Homogenously hyperintense lesions on DWI were present in 60 % of patients with pyogenic abscesses, whereas none of the patients with fungal abscesses showed such lesions. On SWMRS, 90 % of patients with pyogenic abscesses and 60 % of patients with fungal abscesses had only lesions with a low-signal-intensity rim. On SWI, the dual-rim sign was apparent in all pyogenic abscesses. None of the fungal abscesses on SWI (P = 0.005) or any of the pyogenic abscesses on VenoBOLD (P = 0.005) were positive for a dual-rim sign. CONCLUSIONS: In fungal abscesses, the dual-rim sign is not present but a prominent peripheral rim or central susceptibility effects on SWI will be seen. The appearance of pyogenic abscesses on SWMRS depends on the used sequence, with the dual-rim sign a specific feature of pyogenic brain abscesses on SWI.

Can dual-energy CT improve the assessment of tumor margins in oral cancer?

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate the image quality of dual-energy computed-tomography (DECT) compared to single-energy images at 80 kV and 140 kV in oral tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients underwent a contrast-enhanced DECT scan on a definition flash-CT. Four reconstructions (80 kV, 140 kV, mixed (M), and optimum-contrast (OC)) were assessed by four blinded readers for subjective image quality (10-point scale/10=best). For objective quality assessment, linear attenuation measurements (line density profiles (LDP)) were positioned at the tumor margin, and the difference between minimum and maximum was calculated. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were measured in the tongue. RESULTS: The mean image quality for all readers was 5.1±0.3, 8.4±0.3, 8.1±0.2, and 8.3±0.2 for the 140 kV, 80 kV, M, and OC, respectively (P<001 between 140 kV and all others). The mean difference between the minimum and maximum within the LDP was 139.4±59.0, 65.7±29.5, 105.1±46.5, and 118.7±59.4 for the 80 kV, 140 kV, M, and OC, respectively (P<001). The SNR for the tongue was 3.8±2.1, 3.8±2.1, 4.2±2.4, and 4.1±2.3 for the 80 kV, 140 kV, M, and OC, respectively. DISCUSSION: DECT of oral tumors offers high image quality, with subjectively rated image quality and attenuation contrast at the tumor margin similar to that of 80 kV; DECT, however, provides a significantly higher SNR compared to 80 kV.

Atypical idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating lesions (IIDL): conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) findings in 42 cases.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate MR imaging characteristics with conventional and advanced MR imaging techniques in patients with IIDL. METHODS: MR images of the brain in 42 patients (20 male, 22 female) with suspected or known multiple sclerosis (MS) from four institutions were retrospectively analyzed. Lesions were classified into five different subtypes: (1) ring-like lesions; (2) Balo-like lesions; (3) diffuse infiltrating lesions; (4) megacystic lesions; and (5) unclassified lesions. The location, size, margins, and signal intensities on T1WI, T2WI, and diffusion-weighted images (DWI), and the ADC values/ratios for all lesions, as well as the contrast enhancement pattern, and the presence of edema, were recorded. RESULTS: There were 30 ring-like, 10 Balo-like, 3 megacystic-like and 16 diffuse infiltrating-like lesions were detected. Three lesions were categorized as unclassified lesions. Of the 30 ring-like lesions, 23 were hypointense centrally with a hyperintense rim. The mean ADC, measured centrally, was 1.50 ± 0.41 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s. The mean ADC in the non-enhancing layers of the Balo-like lesions was 2.29 ± 0.17 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, and the mean ADC in enhancing layers was 1.03 ± 0.30 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s. Megacystic lesions had a mean ADC of 2.14 ± 0.26 × 10(-3)mm(2)/s. Peripheral strong enhancement with high signal on DWI was present in all diffuse infiltrating lesions. Unclassified lesions showed a mean ADC of 1.43 ± 0.13 mm(2)/s. CONCLUSION: Restriction of diffusion will be seen in the outer layers of active inflammation/demyelination in Balo-like lesions, in the enhancing part of ring-like lesions, and at the periphery of infiltrative-type lesions.

Texture-based and diffusion-weighted discrimination of parotid gland lesions on MR images at 3.0 Tesla.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether texture-based analysis of standard MRI sequences and diffusion-weighted imaging can help in the discrimination of parotid gland masses. The MR images of 38 patients with a biopsy- or surgery-proven parotid gland mass were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were examined on the same 3.0 Tesla MR unit, with one standard protocol. The ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) values of the tumors were measured with three regions of interest (ROIs) covering the entire tumor. Texture-based analysis was performed with the texture analysis software MaZda (version 4.7), with ROI measurements covering the entire tumor in three slices. COC (co-occurrence matrix), RUN (run-length matrix), GRA (gradient), ARM (auto-regressive model), and WAV (wavelet transform) features were calculated for all ROIs. Three subsets of 10 texture features each were used for a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in combination with k nearest neighbor classification (k-NN). Using histology as a standard of reference, benign tumors, including subtypes, and malignant tumors were compared with regard to ADC and texture-based values, with a one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc t-tests. Significant differences were found in the mean ADC values between Warthin tumors and pleomorphic adenomas, as well as between Warthin tumors and benign lesions. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images contained the most relevant textural information for the discrimination between benign and malignant parotid masses, and also for the discrimination between pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors. STIR images contained the least relevant texture features, particularly for the discrimination between pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors. Texture analysis proved to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, as well as pleomorphic adenomas from Warthin tumors, based on standard T(1w) sequences (without and with contrast). Of all benign parotid masses, Warthin tumors had significantly lower ADC values than the other entities.

Teleradiology with uncompressed digital mammograms: clinical assessment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the feasibility of sending uncompressed digital mammograms in a teleradiologic setting without loss of information by comparing image quality, lesion detection, and BI-RADS assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CDMAM phantoms were sent bidirectionally to two hospitals via the network. For the clinical aspect of the study, 200 patients were selected based on the BI-RAD system: 50% BI-RADS I and II; and 50% BI-RADS IV and V. Two hundred digital mammograms (800 views) were sent to two different institutions via a teleradiology network. Three readers evaluated those 200 mammography studies at institution 1 where the images originated, and in the two other institutions (institutions 2 and 3) where the images were sent. The readers assessed image quality, lesion detection, and BI-RADS classification. RESULTS: Automatic readout showed that CDMAM image quality was identical before and after transmission. The image quality of the 200 studies (total 600 mammograms) was rated as very good or good in 90-97% before and after transmission. Depending on the institution and the reader, only 2.5-9.5% of all studies were rated as poor. The congruence of the readers with respect to the final BI-RADS assessment ranged from 90% and 91% at institution 1 vs. institution 2, and from 86% to 92% at institution 1 vs. institution 3. The agreement was even higher for conformity of content (BI-RADS I or II and BI-RADS IV or V). Reader agreement in the three different institutions with regard to the detection of masses and calcifications, as well as BI-RADS classification, was very good (κ: 0.775-0.884). Results for interreader agreement were similar. CONCLUSION: Uncompressed digital mammograms can be transmitted to different institutions with different workstations, without loss of information. The transmission process does not significantly influence image quality, lesion detection, or BI-RADS rating.

Imaging findings in seven cases of congenital infantile myofibromatosis with cerebral, spinal, or head and neck involvement.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is a rare mesenchymal disease, presenting with tumors in the skin, muscle, viscera, bone, and subcutaneous tissue. It can present as (a) a solitary form with subcutaneous, erythematous nodules, (b) a multicentric form with subcutaneous, muscle, and/or bony lesions, and (c) a multicentric form with visceral involvement. Cerebral or spinal involvement in myofibromatosis has been reported rarely. METHODS: We report seven cases of histology-proven infantile myofibromatosis with brain, spine, and/or head and neck involvement. RESULTS: In three patients with multiple subcutaneous nodules, a multicentric form of IM with visceral involvement was diagnosed. In three patients, a multicentric form without visceral involvement was found. Two patients had brain involvement, and four patients had vertebral body involvement. CONCLUSION: In a newborn presenting with intraparenchymal brain lesions, epidural spinal masses, and/or vertebra plana or lytic lesions of the calvarium and spine, infantile myofibromatosis should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis. The presence of subcutaneous or muscular nodules facilitates the diagnosis.

Quantitative analysis of lumbar intervertebral disc abnormalities at 3.0 Tesla: value of T(2) texture features and geometric parameters.

T(2) relaxation time mapping provides information about the biochemical status of intervertebral discs. The present study aimed to determine whether texture features extracted from T(2) maps or geometric parameters are sensitive to the presence of abnormalities at the posterior aspect of lumbar intervertebral discs, i.e. bulging and herniation. Thirty-one patients (21 women and 10 men; age range 18-51 years) with low back pain were enrolled. MRI of the lumbar spine at 3.0 Tesla included morphological T(1) - and T(2) -weighted fast spin-echo sequences, and multi-echo spin-echo sequences that were used to construct T(2) maps. On morphological MRI, discs were visually graded into 'normal', 'bulging' or 'herniation'. On T(2) maps, texture analysis (based on the co-occurrence matrix and wavelet transform) and geometry analysis of the discs were performed. The three T(2) texture features and geometric parameters best-suited for distinguishing between normal discs and discs with bulging or herniation were determined using Fisher coefficients. Statistical analysis comprised ANCOVA and post hoc t-tests. Eighty-two discs were classified as 'normal', 49 as 'bulging' and 20 showed 'herniation.' The T(2) texture features Entropy and Difference Variance, and all three pre-selected geometric parameters differed significantly between normal and bulging, normal and herniated, and bulging and herniated discs (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that T(2) texture features and geometric parameters are sensitive to the presence of abnormalities at the posterior aspect of lumbar intervertebral discs, and may thus be useful as quantitative biomarkers that predict disease.

Confident non-invasive diagnosis of pseudolesions of the liver using diffusion-weighted imaging at 3T MRI.

PURPOSE: Pseudolesions of the liver including focal steatosis or non-steatosis and THID (transient hepatic intensity differences) are often challenging, especially when imaging patients with underlying malignant disease. We evaluated the efficacy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnostic work-up of pseudolesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients with pseudolesions of the liver were consecutively examined and the images were retrospectively analyzed. MRI was performed on a clinical 3T scanner using T1-GRE in-phase and opposed phase images, T2-TSE-FS, diffusion-weighted sequences (b-value 50, 300, 600), ADC mapping, and dynamic post-contrast T1-VIBE-FS sequences (32 patients received Gd-EB-DTPA and 16 patients received gadolinium chelates). All images were analyzed by two experienced radiologists in consensus. As a standard of reference, we used the T1-w GRE, in-phase and out of phase, and the contrast enhanced series, as well as long-term follow-up. RESULTS: In the 48 patients, a total of 116 liver lesions were found. Of these, 40 were benign and eleven were malignant focal lesions. Benign lesions included one FNH, 26 simple cysts, and twelve hemangiomas. In addition, 65 pseudolesions (20 focal steatosis, 13 focal non-steatosis, and 32 THIDs) were found. All pseudolesions could be identified either on the T1-GRE in-phase and opposed phase images or on the contrast-enhanced series, or on both. However, none of them were visible on the diffusion-weighted images. CONCLUSION: Pseudolesions are invisible on DWI (negative predictive value = 1); therefore, DWI can be used as an additional sequence to significantly increase diagnostic confidence in the differentiation between pseudolesions and other focal liver lesions.

Feasibility of dose reduction using needle-structured image plates versus powder-structured plates for computed radiography of the knee.

OBJECTIVE: A newly developed computed radiography (CR) detector that uses a storage phosphor plate made of needle-shaped crystals provides improved dose efficiency. The aim of our study was to compare the image quality of standard-dose CR and dose-reduced CR achieved using needle technology for knee imaging in a clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared standard CR images obtained using a powder-structured image plate (PIP) (ADC Compact Plus) with images obtained using the new needle-structured image plate (NIP) (DX-S). In 30 consecutive patients with knee pain willing to participate in this study, anteroposterior knee radiographs were acquired with both systems at a standard dose. In addition, NIP images were obtained with approximately 75% and 50% of the standard dose (corresponding incident doses: 300, 235, and 154 µGy, respectively). Images were evaluated in a blinded, side-by-side comparison. Six radiologists determined whether there was an appreciable difference in image quality at five anatomic landmarks in regions with high and low differences of attenuation. They also assessed the delineation of selected abnormalities and ranked them using a 10-point scale. The rating scores were tested for statistical differences using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS: The mean overall rating scores for the evaluation of anatomic landmarks were 6.97 for NIP images obtained at full dose, 6.48 for NIP images obtained at about 75% dose, 5.47 for NIP images obtained at half dose, and 6.01 for PIP images. There was a significant difference in favor of the CR system with an NIP at the same dose level (p < 0.05). The NIP images obtained at a dose of about 75% were also ranked significantly better than the PIP images with regard to the depiction of both anatomic landmarks and abnormalities. The readers ranked half-dose NIP images inferior to the PIP images with regard to abnormalities and anatomic landmarks in areas with high attenuation, whereas in areas with low attenuation, the image quality was regarded as equivalent to the standard technique. CONCLUSION: NIP technology allows a dose reduction of approximately 25% compared with PIP while still providing higher image quality. Even at the half-dose level, there was no relevant loss of image quality with regard to the delineation of anatomic landmarks in areas with low attenuation in anteroposterior knee images. The higher dose efficiency of the needle-detector CR technology compared with conventional CR can be used either for dose reduction or for improved image quality.

Functional imaging in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: correlation of PET/CT and diffusion-weighted imaging at 3 Tesla.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were: (a) to prospectively assess the correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); and (b) to assess ADC and SUVmax values in relation to different tumour grades and stages in our patient population. METHODS: The study group comprised 31 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were examined using a 3T MRI scanner with a 16-channel head and neck coil. In addition to routine sequences, axial (DWIBS) and sagittal (DW-EPI) diffusion-weighted sequences were obtained using b-values of 0 mm(2)/s and 800 mm(2)/s. The ADC maps were calculated automatically. The ADC values of the tumours were measured with three regions of interest (ROIs) of standard size, and an ROI covering the entire tumour. In all patients, contrast-enhanced, whole-body (18)F-FDG PET/CT was performed within 2 weeks of the MRI examination. SUVmax was measured for every tumour using a 3-D freehand ROI that covered the entire tumour. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for group comparisons. The Spearman rank correlation test was performed for ADC values. RESULTS: Mean ADC values in the 31 SCC were 0.902 (± 0.134) with a ROI of standard size, and 0.928 (± 0.160) with the large ROI measurements on the axial DWIBS sequence. The ADC values of the tumours were significantly higher when measured with the sagittal DW-EPI sequence: 1.051 (± 0.211) and 1.082 (± 0.208). We observed no significant differences in ADC values and SUVmax between the various T stages or histological grades of the tumours. SUVmax values (26.5 ± 12) did not correlate with ADC values on DWIBS or EPI. CONCLUSION: There is no correlation between the FDG uptake and the ADC value in head and neck SCC. The three different tumour grades and four tumour stages present in our study population could not be differentiated based on ADC values or SUV.

Magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of medulloblastoma.

INTRODUCTION: Two medulloblastoma variants were recently added to the WHO classification of CNS tumours. We retrospectively analysed the imaging findings of 37 classic and 27 cases of variant medulloblastomas to identify imaging characteristics that might suggest a particular MB subtype. METHODS: Sixty-four patients from three institutions were included. Location, tumour margins, signal intensities on conventional MRI, enhancement pattern, the presence of haemorrhage, calcifications and hydrocephalus were recorded and analysed. Signal characteristics on diffusion-weighted MR images and MR spectra were evaluated when available. RESULTS: Thirty-seven classic type of MB (CMB), twelve cases of desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma (DMB), nine medulloblastomas with extensive nodularity (MB-EN), five cases of anaplastic and one of large-cell medulloblastoma were included. Fifty of 64 tumours were located in the 4th ventricle region. On T2WI, CMB were all hyperintense, whereas DMB and MB-EN showed isointensity in up to 66%. One third of the classic MB showed only subtle marginal or linear enhancement. All medulloblastoma variants showed marked enhancement. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest: (a) an age-dependent distribution of MB variants, with DMB and MB-EN more common in younger children; (b) a female predominance in DMB; (c) a more common off-midline location in DMB (50%) and MB-EN (33%) variants.

Diffusion tensor MR imaging (DTI) metrics in the cervical spinal cord in asymptomatic HIV-positive patients.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to compare diffusion tensor MR imaging (DTI) metrics of the cervical spinal cord in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with those measured in healthy volunteers, and to assess whether DTI is a valuable diagnostic tool in the early detection of HIV-associated myelopathy (HIVM). METHODS: MR imaging of the cervical spinal cord was performed in 20 asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and in 20 healthy volunteers on a 3-T MR scanner. Average fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and major (E1) and minor (E2, E3) eigenvalues were calculated within regions of interest (ROIs) at the C2/3 level (central and bilateral anterior, lateral and posterior white matter). RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed significant differences with regard to mean E3 values between patients and controls (p = 0.045; mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) test). Mean FA was lower, and mean MD, mean E1, and mean E2 were higher in each measured ROI in patients compared to controls, but these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic HIV-positive patients demonstrate only subtle changes in DTI metrics measured in the cervical spinal cord compared to healthy volunteers that currently do not support using DTI as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of HIVM.