Photocatalytic Chemoselective Cyclic Oxysulfonylation of 2,3-Allenoic Acids.

Photoinduced cyclization of 2,3-allenoic acids with sulfonyl chloride providing an efficient synthesis of 4-sulfonylated furan-2(5H)-ones under mild reaction conditions has been achieved. The reaction enjoys a high chemoselectivity and tolerates a wide range of functional groups. The catalytic cycle has been validated through control experiments, cyclic voltammetry studies, and Stern-Volmer quenching studies.

Copper-catalyzed remote double functionalization of allenynes.

Addition reactions of molecules with conjugated or non-conjugated multiple unsaturated C-C bonds are very attractive yet challenging due to the versatile issues of chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivities. Especially for the readily available conjugated allenyne compounds, the reactivities have not been explored. The first example of copper-catalyzed 2,5-hydrofunctionalization and 2,5-difunctionalization of allenynes, which provides a facile access to versatile conjugated vinylic allenes with a C-B or C-Si bond, has been developed. This mild protocol has a broad substrate scope tolerating many synthetically useful functional groups. Due to the highly functionalized nature of the products, they have been demonstrated as platform molecules for the efficient syntheses of monocyclic products including poly-substituted benzenes, bicyclic compounds, and highly functionalized allene molecules.

Assessment of intestinal status in MPLW515L mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms mice model.

The MPLW515L mutation is a prevalent genetic mutation in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and utilizing this mutation in mice model can provide important insights into the disease. However, the relationship between intestinal homeostasis and MPN mice model remains elusive. In this study, we utilized a retroviral vector to transfect hematopoietic stem cells with the MPLW515L mutation, creating mutated MPN mice model to investigate their intestinal status. Our results revealed that the MPLW515L in MPN mice model aggravated inflammation in the intestines, decreased the levels of tight junction proteins and receptors for bacteria metabolites. Additionally, there was increased activation of the caspase1/IL-1ß signaling pathway and a significant reduction in phos-p38 levels in the intestinal tissue in MPN mice. The MPLW515L mutation also led to up-expression of anti-microbial genes in the intestinal tract. Though the mutation had no impact on the alpha diversity and dominant bacterial taxa, it did influence the rare bacterial taxa/sub-communities and consequently impacted intestinal homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate the significance of MPLW515L mice model for studying MPN disease and highlight the mutation's influence on intestinal homeostasis, including inflammation, activation of the IL-1ß signaling pathway, and the composition of gut microbial communities.

Copper-catalyzed propargylic C-H functionalization for allene syntheses.

Allenenitriles bearing different synthetically versatile functional groups have been prepared smoothly from 5-alkynyl fluorosulfonamides in decent yields with an excellent chemo- and regio-selectivity under redox neutral conditions. The resulting allenenitriles can be readily converted to useful functionalized heterocycles. Based on mechanistic study, it is confirmed that this is the first example of radical-based non-activated propargylic C-H functionalization for allene syntheses.

Inhibition of PAK1 generates an ameliorative effect on MPLW515L mouse model of myeloproliferative neoplasms by regulating the differentiation and survival of megakaryocytes.

Most thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) mutations result in abnormal megakaryocyte expansion in the spleen or bone marrow (BM), leading to progressive fibrosis. It has been reported that p21 (Rac Family Small GTPase 1 [RAC1])-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) participates in the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryoblasts. PAK1 phosphorylation increased in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and murine MPN cells with the Mplw515l mutant gene in this study; however, the function of overactivated PAK1 in MPN cells remains unclear. We found that inhibition of PAK1 caused significant changes in the biological behaviors of MPLW515L mutant cells in vitro, including arrested growth or reduced clonality and increased polyploid DNA and cell apoptosis due to upregulated cleaved caspase 3. In vivo, PAK1 inhibitor treatment caused a slow elevation of leukocytosis and hematocrit (HCT) and a reduction in hepatosplenomegaly in 6133/MPLW515L-transplanted mice, along with reduced tumor cell infiltration and prolonged survival. Further, deletion of PAK1 sustained a relatively normal HCT and platelet count at the beginning of the disease but did not completely alleviate the splenomegaly of MPLW515L mutant mice. Notably, PAK1 knockout attenuated the destruction of splenic structure, and reduced the megakaryocyte burden within the BM. These results suggest that inhibition of PAK1 may be a useful method for treating MPLW515L mutant MPN by intervening megakaryocytes.

[Construction of a Mouse Model for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and an Evaluation System].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) transplanted mouse model with JAK2-V617F, MPLW515L or CALR-Type I gene mutation, and establish a systematic evaluation system to verify the success of model construction. METHODS: The bone marrow c-kit+ cells of the mice were obtained by the following steps: The mice were killed by cervical dislocation, the femur, tibia and ilium were separated, and the bone marrow cells were collected. The c-kit+ cells were sorted after incubation with CD117 magnetic beads. The method of constructing mouse primary mutant cells is as follows: A gene mutation vector with a GFP tag was constructed by the retroviral system, and the retroviral vector was packaged into the Platinum-E cells to obtain the virus supernatant, and then used it to infect the c-kit+ cells of mice. The MPN mouse model was constructed as follows: the mouse primary c-kit+ cells containing the mutant genes were collected after infection, and then transplanted them via the tail vein into the female recipient mice of the same species which were irradiated with a lethal dose of gamma rays (8.0 Gy). The MPN mouse model was evaluated as follows: After transplantation, the peripheral blood of the mice was regularly collected from the tail vein to perform the complete blood count test, and the size of spleen and the degree of bone marrow fibrosis were estimated. RESULTS: The mouse c-kit+ cells with the mutant genes were successfully obtained from the bone marrow. MPN mouse model was successfully constructed: The peripheral blood cells of the MPN-transplanted mice carried exogenous implanted GFP-positive cells, and the white blood cells (WBC), platelet (PLT) and hematocrit (HCT) were all increased; the body weight loss, and the water and food intake were reduced in the transplanted mice; further pathological analysis showed that the transplanted mice displayed splenomegaly and bone marrow fibrosis. These results suggested that the MPN mouse model was successfully constructed. According to the common and different characteristics of the three MPN mouse model, a preliminary evaluation system for judging the success of MPN mouse model construction was summarized, which mainly included the following indicators, for example, the proportion of GFP-positive cells in the peripheral blood of mice; WBC, PLT and HCT; the degree of spleen enlargement and the bone marrow fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The MPN mouse model with JAK2-V617F, MPLW515L or CALR-Type I gene mutation is successfully established by retroviral system, which can provide an important experimental animal model for the research of MPN pathogenesis and drug-targeted therapy.

An adaptive feature selection algorithm based on MDS with uncorrelated constraints for tumor gene data classification.

The developing of DNA microarray technology has made it possible to study the cancer in view of the genes. Since the correlation between the genes is unconsidered, current unsupervised feature selection models may select lots of the redundant genes during the feature selecting due to the over focusing on genes with similar attribute. which may deteriorate the clustering performance of the model. To tackle this problem, we propose an adaptive feature selection model here in which reconstructed coefficient matrix with additional constraint is introduced to transform original data of high dimensional space into a low-dimensional space meanwhile to prevent over focusing on genes with similar attribute. Moreover, Alternative Optimization (AO) is also proposed to handle the nonconvex optimization induced by solving the proposed model. The experimental results on four different cancer datasets show that the proposed model is superior to existing models in the aspects such as clustering accuracy and sparsity of selected genes.

Differentiation therapy for murine myelofibrosis model with MLN8237 loaded low-density lipoproteins.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a severe myeloproliferative neoplasm that is characterized by low-differentiation megakaryoblasts and progressive bone marrow fibrosis. Although an Aurora kinase A (AURKA) targeting small-molecule inhibitor MLN8237 has been approved in clinical trials for differentiation therapy of high-risk PMF patients, its off-target side effects lead to a partial remission and serious complications. Here, we report a dual-targeting therapy agent (rLDL-MLN) with great clinical translation potential for differentiation therapy of PMF disease. In particular, the reconstituted low-density lipoprotein (rLDL) nanocarrier and the loaded MLN8237 can actively target malignant hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) via LDL receptors and intracellular AURKA, respectively. In contrast to free MLN8237, rLDL-MLN effectively prohibits the proliferation of PMF cell lines and abnormal HSPCs and significantly induces their differentiation, as well as prevents the formation of erythrocyte and megakaryocyte colonies from abnormal HSPCs. Surprisingly, even at a 1500-fold lower dosage (0.01 mg/kg) than that of free MLN8237, rLDL-MLN still exhibits a much more effective therapeutic effect, with the PMF mice almost clear of blast cells. More importantly, rLDL-MLN promotes hematological recovery without any toxic side effects at the effective dosage, holding great promise in the targeted differentiation therapy of PMF patients.

Palladium-catalysed construction of butafulvenes.

Butafulvene is a constitutional isomer of benzene, comprising a cyclobutene skeleton bearing two exocyclic conjugated methylene units. As a result of the intrinsic high strain energy and anti-aromaticity, the preparation of butafulvene compounds has been a fundamental issue for the development of butafulvene chemistry. Here an efficient palladium-catalysed coupling protocol involving propargylic compounds has been developed, providing a solid and versatile strategy for the rapid assembly of symmetric butafulvene derivatives. Based on mechanistic studies, two complementary mechanisms, both involving palladium catalysis, have been confirmed. With the mechanism unveiled, the synthesis of non-symmetric butafulvenes has also been achieved. Advantages of this strategy include tolerance to a wide range of propargylic molecules, mild reaction conditions, simple catalytic systems and easy scalability. The synthetic potential of the products as platform molecules for cyclobutene derivatives has also been demonstrated.

One-stop molecular classification of endometrial carcinoma using comprehensive next-generation sequencing.

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of molecular classification using only comprehensive next-generation sequencing-based techniques and its relationship with survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer. Paired tumor-normal sequencing data of 1021 cancer-related genes using tumor tissues or peripheral blood samples and clinical data were retrospectively collected from a cohort of endometrial cancers. The microsatellite instability status was inferred using the MSIsensor (v0.5) with a cut-off of 8%. Sixty patients were classified into four groups: POLEMUT group (13.3%), MSI-H group (20%), TP53WT group (45%) and TP53MUT group (21.7%). Patients within TP53MUT group were more common in serous carcinoma compared to endometrioid carcinoma (P = .0098). TP53WT was significantly correlated with early stage and low grade. TP53MUT group was associated with significantly worse DFS compared to MSI-H group and TP53WT group (P = .014 and .004, respectively). Comprehensive next-generation sequencing is a reliable and simple method to stratify the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma. It can be potentially used to guide treatment of patients with endometrial cancer in routine practice.

Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibits survival of megakaryoblasts in acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia.

Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (AMKL) is characterized by expansion of megakaryoblasts, which are hyper-proliferative cells that fail to undergo differentiation. Insight to the cell-cycle regulation revealed important events in early or late megakaryocytes (MKs) maturation; the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) have been reported to participate in the development of progenitor megakaryocytes, mainly by promoting cell cycle progression and DNA polyploidization. However, it remains unclear whether the continuous proliferation, but not differentiation, of megakaryoblasts is related to an aberrant regulation of CDK4/6 in AMKL. Here, we found that CDK4/6 were up regulated in patients with AMKL, and persistently maintained at a high level during the differentiation of abnormal megakaryocytes in vitro, according to a database and western blot. Additionally, AMKL cells were exceptionally reliant on the cell cycle regulators CDK4 or 6, as blocking their activity using an inhibitor or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly reduced the proliferation of 6133/MPL megakaryocytes, reduced DNA polyploidy, induced apoptosis, decreased the level of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb), and activation of caspase 3. Additionally, CDK4/6 inhibitors and shRNA reduced the numbers of leukemia cells in the liver and bone marrow (BM), alleviated hepatosplenomegaly, and prolonged the survival of AMKL-transplanted mice. These results suggested that blocking the activity of CDK4/6 may represent an effective approach to control megakaryoblasts in AMKL.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 negatively modulates platelet function and thrombus formation.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that negatively regulates T-cell signaling. However, whether it is expressed and functions in platelets remains unknown. Here we investigated the expression and role of PTPN22 in platelet function. We reported PTPN22 expression in both human and mouse platelets. Using PTPN22-/- mice, we showed that PTPN22 deficiency significantly shortened tail-bleeding time and accelerated arterial thrombus formation without affecting venous thrombosis and the coagulation factors VIII and IX. Consistently, PTPN22-deficient platelets exhibited enhanced platelet aggregation, granule secretion, calcium mobilization, lamellipodia formation, spreading, and clot retraction. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis revealed the significant difference of phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) phosphorylation in PTPN22-deficient platelets compared with wild-type platelets after collagen-related peptide stimulation, which was confirmed by increased PDE5A phosphorylation (Ser92) in collagen-related peptide-treated PTPN22-deficient platelets, concomitant with reduced level and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation (Ser157/239). In addition, PTPN22 interacted with phosphorylated PDE5A (Ser92) and dephosphorylated it in activated platelets. Moreover, purified PTPN22 but not the mutant form (C227S) possesses intrinsic serine phosphatase activity. Furthermore, inhibition of PTPN22 enhanced human platelet aggregation, spreading, clot retraction, and increased PDE5A phosphorylation (Ser92). In conclusion, our study shows a novel role of PTPN22 in platelet function and arterial thrombosis, identifying new potential targets for future prevention of thrombotic or cardiovascular diseases.

PEDF reduces malignant cells proliferation and inhibits the progression of myelofibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) exerts a broad spectrum of activities and has been implicated in diverse biological processes and a variety of diseases. However, the role of PEDF in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) remains unknown. In this study, we found that PEDF expression was down-regulated in MPN patients and MPLW515L-transuduced mice. Exogenous PEDF inhibited the peripheral blood cell proliferation in MPLW515L-transuduced mice, reduced tumor cells in bone marrow and spleen, ameliorated hepatosplenomegaly, reduced extramedullary hemopoiesis in the spleen, and prolonged the overall survival of MPN mice. More importantly, PEDF inhibited the progression of myelofibrosis. Moreover, PEDF significantly reduced the proliferation of MPN cells in vitro, especially megakaryocyte-biased HSCs. Furthermore, PEDF induced the apoptosis of MPN cells and reduced the secretion of TGF-ß1 in cell culture supernatant. Exogenous PEDF inhibits the proliferation of MPN cells and the progression of myelofibrosis, indicating that it might play an anti-tumor and anti-fibrotic role in MPN. This study implies that PEDF might be a novel agent for the treatment of MPN.

Robust Security Beamforming for SWIPT-Assisted Relay System with Channel Uncertainty.

This paper considers the physical layer security (PLS) of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) relay communication system composed of a legitimate source-destination pair and some eavesdroppers. Supposing a disturbance of channel status information (CSI) between relay and eavesdroppers in a bounded ellipse, we intend to design a robust beamformer to maximum security rate in the worst case on the constraints of relay energy consumption. To handle this non-convex optimization problem, we introduce a slack variable to transform the original problem into two sub-problems firstly, then an algorithm employing a semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique and S-procedure is proposed to tackle above two sub-problems. Although our study was conducted in the scene of a direct link among source, destination, and eavesdroppers that is non-existing, we demonstrate that our conclusions can be easily extended to the scene for which a direct link among source, destination and eavesdroppers exist. Numerical simulation results compared with the benchmark scheme are provided to prove the effectiveness and superior performance of our algorithm.

The Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Combining MK-2206 and AZD 6244 in MARIMO Cells Harboring a Calreticulin Gene Mutation.

INTRODUCTION: Somatic mutations in the calreticulin (CALR) gene occur in most myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients who lack Janus kinase 2 or thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) mutations, but the molecular pathogenesis of MPN with mutated CALR is unclear, which limited the further treatment for CALR gene mutant patients. OBJECTIVES: Previous studies showed that CALR mutations not only activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) in primary mouse bone marrow cells but also mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in MARIMO cells harboring a heterozygous 61-bp deletion in CALR exon 9, which were responsible for mutant CALR cell survival, respectively. Hence, we aimed to initially explore the mechanism of AKT activation and observe the synergistic inhibitory effect of combining AKT (MK-2206) and MAPK kinase (AZD 6244) inhibitors in MARIMO cells. METHODS: We detected the expression of phosphorylated AKT in MARIMO cells treated with inhibitors for 24 or 48 h by western blotting and analyzed cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis by flow cytometry. We further examined the synergistic inhibitory effect of combining MK-2206 and AZD 6244 in MARIMO cells using the median effect principle of Chou and Talalay. RESULTS: We found that the AKT was activated in MARIMO cells, and blocking its activity significantly inhibited MARIMO cell growth with downregulation of cyclin D and E, and accelerated cell apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 but increasing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis showed that AKT activation was dependent on mammalian target of rapamycin but not on the JAK signaling pathway in MARIMO cells, displaying that inhibition of JAK activity by ruxolitinib (RUX) did not decrease the AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, the combination of MK-2206 and AZD 6244 produced a significantly synergistic inhibitory effect on MARIMO cells. CONCLUSIONS: AKT activation is a feature of MARIMO cells and co-targeting of AKT and MAPKs signaling pathways synergistically inhibits MARIMO cell growth.

Rh-Catalyzed cyclization of 2,3-allenoic acids in the presence of 2,3-allenols.

Herein we report a [Cp*RhCl2]2-catalyzed coupling cyclization of two different classes of allenes with 2,3-allenoic acids affording 2(5H)-furanone skeletons of products and 2,3-allenols forming a conjugated (E)-enal or enone functionality to the ß-position of the 2(5H)-furanones. These products are important building blocks for the syntheses of potentially bioactive compounds. The reaction proceeded via the nucleometalation, insertion, and stereodefined 1,4-H delivery carried by rhodium.

NLRP1 in Bone Marrow Microenvironment Controls Hematopoietic Reconstitution After Transplantation.

Pretreatment before transplantation initiates an inflammatory response. Inflammasomes are key regulators of immune and inflammatory responses, but their role in regulating hematopoiesis is unclear. Our study intended to assess the role and mechanism of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin-domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1) in the bone marrow microenvironment on hematopoiesis regulation. To explore the effects of an absence of NLRP1 on hematopoietic reconstitution, we established a hematopoietic cell transplantation model by infusing bone marrow mononuclear cells of wild-type C57BL/6 mice into either NLRP1 knockout (NLRP1-KO) or wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Using the transplantation model, the role of NLRP1 in the bone marrow microenvironment was determined by flow cytometry, hemacytometry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. As the major component of the bone marrow microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated to analyze the effects of NLRP1 on them by osteogenic and adipogenic induction. Endothelial cells (ECs) were isolated and sorted by magnetic beads. The expression of adhesion molecules and their relationship with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured by immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot. Finally, the effect of NLRP1-deleted MSCs or ECs on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) was examined by establishing co-culture models. Compared with C57BL/6 recipients, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), together with reduced pathological injury of bone marrow, were observed in NLRP1-KO recipients after transplantation. However, increased HSPC engraftment and hematopoietic reconstitution were detected in NLRP1-KO recipients after transplantation. Furthermore, MSCs isolated from NLRP1-KO mice had decreased osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and increased proliferation and differentiation of HSPCs. The expression of adhesion molecules in ECs from NLRP1-KO mice was increased due to the promotion of nuclear translocation of NF-κB; these adhesion molecules are critical for hematopoietic stem cell homing. Knockout of NLRP1 in the bone marrow microenvironment could significantly relieve bone marrow inflammatory response and promote hematopoietic reconstitution, perhaps by regulating MSCs and ECs, indicating that NLRP1 might be a target for the treatment of delayed hematopoietic and immune recovery in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

An Analysis of Cardiac Disorders Associated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in 126 Patients: A Single-Centre Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are effective in treating hematological malignancies. However, in patients receiving CAR-T therapy, data characterizing cardiac disorders are limited. METHODS: 126 patients with hematologic malignancies receiving CAR-T cell therapy were analyzed to determine the impact of CAR-T therapy on occurrence of cardiac disorders, including heart failure, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, which were defined by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Parameters related to cardiac disorders were detected including myocardial enzyme, NT-proBNP and ejection fraction (EF). Cardiovascular (CV) events included decompensated heart failure (HF), clinically significant arrhythmias and CV death. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 56 years (6 to 72 years). 58% patients were male, 62% had multiple myeloma, 20% had lymphoma and 18% had ALL. 33 (26%) patients had cardiac disorders, most of which were grade 1-2. 13 patients (10%) were observed with cardiac disorders grade 3-5, which comprised 5(4%) patients with new-onset HF, 2 (2%) patients with new-onset arrhythmias, 4 (3%) patients with the acute coronary syndrome, 1(1%) patient with myocardial infarction and 1(1%) patient with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. There were 9 CV events (7%) including 6 decompensated heart failure, 1 clinically significant arrhythmias and 2 CV deaths. Among the 33 patients with cardiac disorders, the patients with cardiac disorders CTCAE grade 3-5 had higher grade CRS (grade ≥ 3) than those with cardiac disorders CTCAE grade ≤ 2 (P <0.001). More patients with cardiac disorders CTCAE grade 3-5 were observed in the cohort who did not receive corticosteroids and/or tocilizumab therapy timely comparing with those who received corticosteroids and/or tocilizumab therapy timely (P =0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac disorders CAR-T cell therapy were common and associated with occurrence of CRS. However, most cases were mild. For patients with CRS grade 3-5, timely administration of corticosteroids and/or tocilizumab can effectively prevent the occurrence and progression of cardiac disorders.

An Adaptive Unsupervised Feature Selection Algorithm Based on MDS for Tumor Gene Data Classification.

Identifying the key genes related to tumors from gene expression data with a large number of features is important for the accurate classification of tumors and to make special treatment decisions. In recent years, unsupervised feature selection algorithms have attracted considerable attention in the field of gene selection as they can find the most discriminating subsets of genes, namely the potential information in biological data. Recent research also shows that maintaining the important structure of data is necessary for gene selection. However, most current feature selection methods merely capture the local structure of the original data while ignoring the importance of the global structure of the original data. We believe that the global structure and local structure of the original data are equally important, and so the selected genes should maintain the essential structure of the original data as far as possible. In this paper, we propose a new, adaptive, unsupervised feature selection scheme which not only reconstructs high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional space with the constraint of feature distance invariance but also employs ℓ2,1-norm to enable a matrix with the ability to perform gene selection embedding into the local manifold structure-learning framework. Moreover, an effective algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem based on the proposed scheme. Comparative experiments with some classical schemes on real tumor datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Clodronate-liposomes aggravate irradiation-induced myelosuppression by promoting myeloid differentiation.

PURPOSE: Clodronate-liposomes (Clod-Lip) is an effective candidate drug for treating chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura in mice experiments. But its role in hematopoietic recovery after acute myelosuppression is still unknown. We aim to explore the function and underlining mechanisms of Clod-Lip on hematopoietic reconstitution after sublethal dose irradiation in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice at 8-10 weeks received a total-body sublethal dose γ-irradiation (TBI) and injected with Clod-Lip or PBS-Liposomes (PBS-Lip) every 4 days after TBI. The survival rate of each group was recorded. Flow cytometry was used to analyze changes in hematopoietic stem cells and their progenies in bone marrow. ELISA and RT-qPCR were used for the analysis of hematopoietic regulatory factors. Regarding IL-1ß inhibition, 25 mg/kg diacerein or an equal volume of DMSO was intraperitoneally injected into mice every day after TBI. RESULTS: In sublethal dose-irradiated mice, Clod-Lip reduced the survival rate, the total number of bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cells, delayed peripheral blood recovery of red blood cells and platelets. However, it could increase the number of CMP, MEP and myeloid cells, which suggested that Clod-Lip could induce HSC to myeloid differentiation in vivo. We further verified that Clod-Lip may induce myeloid differentiation by bone marrow microenvironmental factor IL-1ß. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study suggested that Clod-Lip may aggravate inhibitor effect of hematopoietic function and promote myeloid differentiation in myelosuppression mice model.