[Analysis of the prevalence of dyslipidemia and correlative factors in Tajik population in Pamir Plateau of Xinjiang].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the level of blood lipids among Tajik people in Pamir Plateau, Xinjiang, and explore the related factors of dyslipidemia. Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study. A multi-stage cluster random sampling survey was conducted among 5 635 Tajiks over 18 years old in Tashkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Xinjiang Province from May to October 2021. Data were collected through questionnaire survey (general information, medical history, and personal history), physical examination (height, weight, waist, and blood pressure) and blood test (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density cholesterol (HDL-C)) to analyze the dyslipidemia and its risk factors among Tajiks. Results: The age of Tajik participants was (41.9±15.0) years, including 2 726 males (48.4%). The prevalence of borderline high TC, high LDL-C and high TG levels were 17.2%, 14.7% and 8.9%, respectively. The prevalence of high TC, high LDL-C, high TG and low HDL-C were 4.1%, 4.9%, 9.4% and 32.4%, respectively, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 37.0%. There is a positive correlation between male,higher education level, higher body mass index (BMI) value,waist circumference, living in town, smoking and dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The low prevalence of high TC, high LDL-C, high TG and high prevalence of low HDL-C was a major characteristic of Tajik people in Pamir Plateau of Xinjiang. The lower rates of overweight and obesity may be one of the reasons for the lower prevalence of dyslipidemia among Tajik.

[Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of adverse childhood experiences international questionnaire in parents of preschool children].

OBJECTIVE: To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of adverse childhood experiences international questionnaire (ACE-IQ) in Chinese parents of preschool children. METHODS: The parents of preschool children in 6 kindergartens in Tongzhou District of Beijing were selected by stratified random cluster sampling, and the Chinese version of ACE-IQ after translation and adaptation was used for survey online. The collected data were randomly divided into two parts. One part of the data (n=602) was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), to screen items and evaluate structural validity, and then form the final Chinese version of ACE-IQ. The other part of the data (n=700) was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), criterion validity analysis and reliability analysis. At the same time, experts investigation method was used to evaluate the content validity of the final Chinese version of ACE-IQ. RESULTS: After deleting four items of collective violence, the Chinese version of ACE-IQ with twenty-five items indicated good structural, criterion and content validity. Analysis results showed that the Chinese version of ACE-IQ presented a seven-factor model dimension, namely emotional neglect, physical neglect, family dysfunction, family violence, emotional and physical abuse, sexual abuse and violence outside the home, and the total score of the binary version of ACE-IQ Chinese version was positively correlated with the total score of childhood trauma questionaire-28 item short form (CTQ-SF, r=0.354, P < 0.001) and the center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D, r=0.313, P < 0.001) respectively. Results from five experts showed that the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) of 25 items was between 0.80 and 1.00, and the average of all I-CVIs on the scale (S-CVI/Ave) of the scale was 0.984. At the same time, the internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient) of the whole scale was 0.818, and the split-half reliability (Spearman-Brown coefficient) was 0.621, which demonstrated good reliability. CONCLUSION: This study has formed a Chinese version of ACE-IQ with 25 items and 7 dimensions, which has good reliability and validity among the parents of preschool children in China. It can be used as an evaluation instrument for measuring the minimum threshold of the adverse childhood experiences in the parents of preschool children in the cultural background of China.

[Clinical featuers of adult patients with post-viral-encephalitis autoimmune encephalitis].

Objective: To explore the clinical features of post-viral-encephalitis autoimmune encephalitis (PVEAE). Methods: Ten cases of PVEAE, who were hospitalized in the Neurology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) between November 2014 and October 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical manifestation, immunology, neuroradiology, treatment and outcomes were analyzed. Results: There were 5 males and 5 females, with a median age of 44 (18, 66) years. Of 9 cases, the median interval between the two onsets of encephalitis was 37 (24, 60) days, and there was no obvious interval in case 7. In viral encephalitis phase, the peak modified Rankin scale (mRS) was 4.5 (4.0, 5.0) and the remission mRS was 2.0 (1.0, 3.0). In autoimmune encephalitis (AE) phase, the peak mRS was 4.0 (3.0, 5.0). Symptoms of AE included mental and behavioral abnormalities (10/10), amnesia (10/10), motor disorders (5/10), autonomic dysfunction (5/10), speech disorders (4/10), seizures (2/10) and consciousness disturbance (2/10). On average, each case presented with 4 (2, 6) symptoms. In AE phase, the positive rate of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor antibody in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 80% (8/10), while in serum it was only 20% (2/10). Neuroimaging showed that in AE phase, the lesions expanded in 8 cases, remained unchanged in 1 case and shrank in 1 case. In AE phase, 10 cases received first line treatments, and 2 cases accepted long-course immunotherapy. After treatment, symptoms of 9 cases were obviously relieved. The mRS for short-term and long-term outcomes was 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) and 1.0 (0, 2.0), respectively. Conclusions: PVEAE might present with either typical biphasic course or monophasic/pseudo-monophasic course. In AE phase, anti-NMDA receptor antibody turned positive in most cases. Much importance should be attached to the recognition and diagnosis of PVEAE and treat it actively thereafter.

[Etiology and epidemiological characteristics of gastroenteritis virus in food-borne diarrhea from three cities in Shandong Province, 2017].

Objective: To analyze the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of gastroenteritis virus in foodborne diseases from three cities in Shandong. Methods: From January to December 2017, six sentinel hospitals in Jinan, Yantai and Linyi city of Shandong Province were selected as the research sites. Stool samples of 1 397 diarrhea patients were collected, as well as basic information and clinical symptoms. Duplex quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect Norovirus genogroupⅠ (Nov GⅠ) and genogroupⅡ (Nov GⅡ), Sapovirus (SAV) and Human astrovirus (HAstV), respectively, quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect group A Rotavirus (RVA), and quantitative PCR was used to detect Enteric adenovirus (EAdV). The specific gene of the virus were sequenced and typed. It was compared that the gastroenteritis virus rate in cases with different characteristics and the clinical symptoms difference between the virus positive and negative cases. Results: The median age (P(25), P(75)) was 23 (1, 42) , mainly male, 57.48% with 803 cased and children under 5 years old, 36.36% with 508 cases. The positive rate of gastroenteritis virus was 33.93% (474 cases), and that of Jinan, Linyi and Yantai City were 32.03% (147/459), 41.54% (189/455) and 28.57% (138/483), respectively (P<0.001). Nov GⅡ had the highest positive rate, 16.54% (231 cases), which, mainly GⅡ.P16/GⅡ.2 (48.28%, 56/116), peaked in May (24.75%, 50/202) and June (19.59%, 38/194). In patients of gastroenteritis virus positive, 44.51% (211/474) had vomiting symptoms, higher than that of patients of gastroenteritis virus negative (34.13%, 315/923). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: In Shandong Province, the majority of gastroenteritis patients were male and children under 5 years old. Nov GⅡ possessed highest epidemic intensity, and peaked in spring and summer. Viral gastroenteritis had atypical clinical symptoms.

Fate and removal of antimony in response to stringent control activities after a mine tailing spill.

When tailing spill accidents occur, the risk of contamination by antimony (Sb) tailings into adjacent rivers, sediments, aquifers and soil environments is high. The Sb concentrations in water and sediment under different stringent control activities were investigated for 60 days in the Jialing River basin after a tailing spill accident. Both reservoir regulation and the construction of a temporary dam with coagulation dosing remarkably reduced the Sb levels in the river water. The increase in dissolved Sb caused by the spill was reduced from ~400 µg/L in the inflow to ~200 µg/L in the outflow by reservoir regulation. Moreover, reservoir regulation led to a high concentration of Sb in the reservoir sediment, which was difficult to remove and may cause subsequent unpredictable long-term ecological and health risks. In contrast, the Sb-enriched deposition inside the temporary dam was convenient to remove. Notably, temperature alternations between day and night in winter resulted in a large fluctuation in coagulation efficiency, which may cause the failure of stringent control projects. The results of this study suggest potential improvements to stringent control activities after mine tailing accidents to mitigate environmental impacts and prevent secondary risks.

[Current status regarding the cardiovascular disease-related risk levels among the hypertensive population of different ethnicities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the status of the cardiovascular disease associated risk levels among hypertensive population of Han, Uygur and Kazakh ethnicities, in Xinjiang Uygur Autonornous Region, to guide hypertension prevention and treatment in different ethnicities. METHODS: Four stages random cluster sampling method was used, and all the data was collected from Xinjiang local residents aged over 18 between October 2007 and March 2010. RESULTS: A total of 14 618 subjects completed this survey, in which 2 654 Han, 1 612 Uygur and 2034 Kazakh people diagnosed with hypertension was included in this research. Most of them were"grade 1 hypertension", and the percentage of grade 3 hypertension was Han (19.1%), Uygur (17.3%) and Kazakh (32.3%), respectively. Majority hypertensive people accompanied with 1 risk factor. The risk proportions of low, medium, high and very high in hypertension population of different ethnicities were Han (19.4%, 34.6%, 46.1%), Uygur (17.7%, 37.6%, 44.7%), Kazakh (12.5%, 38.0%, 49.4%) respectively. In Han, Uygur and Kazakh ethnicities, the percentage of high risk and very high risk was highest in hypertensive men aged over 60 years old.The percentages of hypertension awareness were 42.0%, 45.6%, 46.5% and percentages of medicine therapy were 29.6%, 23.4%, 25.2% for Han, Uygur and Kazakh ethnicities, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive people among Han, Uygur and Kazakh ethnicities in Xinjiang are mainly under high risk and very high risk situation of cardiovascular disease, especially in men aged ≥60. The percentage of hypertension awareness and medicine therapy in high risk and very high risk population is the highest, while percentage of awareness in medium risk population is low.

[Repairmen of the rabbit's oral mucosa by tissue engineering technology].

Objective:This experiment proposed to complicate BMMSCs and PLLA/SF scaffolds, to study its repairing ability for rabbit oral mucosa wound, and try to evaluate the most potential mixed proportion of PLLA and SF for tissue engineering. Method:Separating,cultivating and identifying BMMSCs. Observing cell phenotype of BMMSCs after cultivating BMMSCs in P70S30 PLLA/SF scaffold for one week.Observing the structure change of BMMSCs and P70S30PLLA/SF scaffold complexes after oral mucosa transplantation experiment for a week；Comparing the wound healing rate of composite of BMMSCs and PLLA/SF scafold，PLLA/SF scaffold and nature repair. Result:①There wasn't a significant effect of PLLA/SF scaffold on cell phenotype of BMMSCs.②The wounds fused well with the oral mucosa transplanted composite of BMMSCs and P70S30 PLLA/SF scaffold after a week.③The healing rate of composite of BMMSCs and P70S30 scaffold was the highest.The average healing rate of composite of BMMSCs and P70S30 scaffold was 94.8%,whose difference was statistically significant compared with natural healing and pure scaffold(P<0.01). Conclusion:①The complex composed of BMMSCs and PLLA/SF scaffolds has the potential as an ideal scaffold for tissue engineering oral mucosa.②The complex composed of BMMSCs and P70S30 PLLA/SF scaffolds is the most beneficial to wound healing of oral mucosa,and has the greatest potential for constructing tissue engineering oral mucosa.

Genetic polymorphisms of serum amyloid A1 and coronary artery disease risk.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein is not only an inflammatory factor but also an apolipoprotein that can replace apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) as the major apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). However, the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of SAA and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs12218, rs4638289, rs7131332, and rs11603089) of the SAA gene were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in two independent case-control studies, one of the Han population (1416 CAD patients and 1373 control subjects) and the other of the Uygur population (588 CAD patients and 529 control subjects). We found that the rs12218 CC genotype was more frequent among the CAD patients than among the controls in both the Han (8.3% vs. 4.8%, P < 0.001) and Uygur populations (15.5% vs. 11.3%, P < 0.05). After adjustments for confounding factors, such as sex, age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, and serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, and plasma SAA, the differences remained significant in the Han (CC vs. CT+TT, P < 0.001, OR = 3.863, 95% CI: 1.755-12.477) and Uygur groups (CC vs. CT+TT, P = 0.031, OR = 3.022, 95% CI: 1.033-8.840). Genetic polymorphisms in SAA1 are associated with CAD in the Han and Uygur populations in western China.

Post-spike hyperpolarization participates in the formation of auditory behavior-related response patterns of inferior collicular neurons in Hipposideros pratti.

To probe the mechanism underlying the auditory behavior-related response patterns of inferior collicular neurons to constant frequency-frequency modulation (CF-FM) stimulus in Hipposideros pratti, we studied the role of post-spike hyperpolarization (PSH) in the formation of response patterns. Neurons obtained by in vivo extracellular (N=145) and intracellular (N=171) recordings could be consistently classified into single-on (SO) and double-on (DO) neurons. Using intracellular recording, we found that both SO and DO neurons have a PSH with different durations. Statistical analysis showed that most SO neurons had a longer PSH duration than DO neurons (p<0.01). These data suggested that the PSH directly participated in the formation of SO and DO neurons, and the PSH elicited by the CF component was the main synaptic mechanism underlying the SO and DO response patterns. The possible biological significance of these findings relevant to bat echolocation is discussed.

A bio-process inspired synthesis of vaterite (CaCO3), directed by a rationally designed multifunctional protein, ChiCaSifi.

Living organisms can produce elegant structures with unique functions and properties through biological processes. Various proteins are involved in these processes. Inspired by the structure formation of mollusc shells, a single multifunctional recombinant protein ChiCaSifi was designed on the basis of mineralization proteins for regulating CaCO3 mineralization in a simple and direct manner. ChiCaSifi contains functional domains of the chitin binding protein (Chi), the calcium binding protein (Ca), and the silk fibroin (Sifi). Therefore, ChiCaSifi can have multiple roles in directing CaCO3 mineralization. Overexpression and purification of ChiCaSifi were achieved. Activities of ChiCaSifi were examined for its binding to calcium and chitin. Influences of ChiCaSifi in regulating the phase formation of CaCO3 crystals on the chitin surface were proved. Structural changes of ChiCaSifi were evidenced and related to its functions on mineralization. These observations indicate that rationally designed proteins with functional domains of mineralization proteins can be effective tools in materials synthesis. The present study may not only provide an insight into the formation of natural biomaterials, but also open a new avenue in the design and synthesis of novel organic-inorganic composite materials.

Relationship between the acylation-stimulating protein gene and coronary heart disease in the Xinjiang Uygur and Han populations of China.

The association of the single nucleotide polymorphism 301T>C in the coding region of the acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) gene with coronary heart disease (CHD) was investigated in the Uygur (385 CHD patients and 483 control subjects) and Han (390 CHD patients and 439 control subjects) populations of China. The frequency of the CC and CT genotypes was significantly higher in patients with CHD compared to the control group (55.3 vs 46.2%, P = 0.001) in the Uygur population, but in the Han population, the frequency was significantly higher in the control group (51.7 vs 24.4%, P < 0.001). In addition, the C allele was significantly associated with CHD in the Uygur population (C allele: 33.8 vs 26.2%, T allele: 66.2 vs 73.8%; P = 0.004) and in the Han population (C allele: 14.5 vs 30.3%, T allele: 85.5 vs 69.7%; P < 0.001). The CC genotype was independently associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease when adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors [odds ratio (OR) = 2.189, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.251-3.830, P = 0.001] in the Uygur population, but was a protective factor for CHD in the Han population (OR = 0.373, 95%CI = 0.187-0.745, P = 0.005). In conclusion, the 301T>C polymorphism of the ASP gene that influences the serum triglycerides level in the Uygur population, is associated with the development of CHD, and the CC genotype might be a risk factor of CHD.

Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Uygur children of Xinjiang, China.

This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in Xinjiang children in western China. Data were obtained from the Chun-Miao Project, a community-based, cross-sectional study designed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in children of the Chinese Uygur population in Xinjiang from February 2010 to May 2012. A total of 3644 children completed the survey and measurements of fasting glucose. Diabetes and IFG were defined using American Diabetes Association 2009 criteria. Overall, 0.7% of the 3644 Uygur children had IFG and 0.1% had diabetes. In the newborn to 8-year-old group, the prevalence of diabetes and IFG was 0.6 and 1.1%, respectively. In the 9-13-year-old group, the prevalence of diabetes and IFG was 0.1 and 0.7%, respectively. There was no evidence of IFG or diabetes in the 14-17-year-old group. Logistic regression analysis suggested that overweight and obesity were independent risk factors of diabetes in Uygur children of Xinjiang. The prevalence of diabetes and IFG in Uygur children was lower than that reported previously in children of other ethnicities in China.

Differentiation of neonatal dorsal root ganglion-derived neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes after intrathecal transplantation into a cauda equina lesion model.

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is characterized by varying patterns of low back pain, sciatica, lower extremity sensorimotor loss, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. The prognosis for complete recovery of CES is dependent on not only the time before surgical intervention with decompression but also the severity of the nerve damage. Delayed or severe nerve compression impairs the capability of nerve regeneration. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) may facilitate axon regeneration and functional recovery in a spectrum of neurological disorders. Our study shows that the NSCs derived from early postnatal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are able to proliferate to form neurospheres and differentiate into O4(+) oligodendrocytes but not glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP(+)) astrocytes or ßIII-tubulin(+) neurons in vitro. After intrathecal transplantation into the lumbar spinal canal stenosis animal model, most of the GFP-expressing NSCs were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in vivo. Although the recovery of sensorimotor function was not significantly improved in rats with transplantation therapy, our results implied that subarachnoid microinjection of NSCs may promote axon regeneration of DRG neurons in the cauda equina model after nerve injury.

Effective process to achieve enhanced electrochromic performances based on poly(4,4',4″-tris[4-(2-bithienyl)pheny]amine)/ZnO nanorod composites.

Poly(4,4',4″-tris[4-(2-bithienyl)pheny]amine) (PTBTPA) was electrochemically synthesized on a ZnO-coated ITO electrode to form a PTBTPA/ZnO nanocomposite electrode. The composite film exhibited a noticeable electrochromism, with reversible color changes from orange in the reduced state (0 V), olive green in the middle state (0.9 V) to dark gray in the oxidized state (1.2 V). Furthermore, the composite film showed a fast switching time of 0.92 s and a high optical contrast of 65% at 1100 nm, and retained 97% of its original electroactivity after 500 cycles, while PTBTPA film had switching time of 1.63 s and an optical contrast of 52% at 1100 nm, and retained 75% of its original electroactivity. The results demonstrated that the electrochromic performances were significantly enhanced through incorporating PTBTPA with ZnO nanorods. ZnO nanorods were introduced to modify the structure of the electrode: on one hand, to offer a directional attraction for the counterions, and on the other hand, to enhance the adhesion between the polymer and the ITO electrode. Accordingly, a conducting polymer/inorganic nanocomposite system could improve the polymer's electrochromic performance, especially in terms of the switching speed and long-term stability of the electrochromic materials.

Bilateral collicular interaction: modulation of auditory signal processing in frequency domain.

In the ascending auditory pathway, the inferior colliculus (IC) receives and integrates excitatory and inhibitory inputs from a variety of lower auditory nuclei, intrinsic projections within the IC, contralateral IC through the commissure of the IC and the auditory cortex. All these connections make the IC a major center for subcortical temporal and spectral integration of auditory information. In this study, we examine bilateral collicular interaction in the modulation of frequency-domain signal processing of mice using electrophysiological recording and focal electrical stimulation. Focal electrical stimulation of neurons in one IC produces widespread inhibition and focused facilitation of responses of neurons in the other IC. This bilateral collicular interaction decreases the response magnitude and lengthens the response latency of inhibited IC neurons but produces an opposite effect on the response of facilitated IC neurons. In the frequency domain, the focal electrical stimulation of one IC sharpens or expands the frequency tuning curves (FTCs) of neurons in the other IC to improve frequency sensitivity and the frequency response range. The focal electrical stimulation also produces a shift in the best frequency (BF) of modulated IC (ICMdu) neurons toward that of electrically stimulated IC (ICES) neurons. The degree of bilateral collicular interaction is dependent upon the difference in the BF between the ICES neurons and ICMdu neurons. These data suggest that bilateral collicular interaction is a part of dynamic acoustic signal processing that adjusts and improves signal processing as well as reorganizes collicular representation of signal parameters according to the acoustic experience.

Hypoxia decreased chemosensitivity of breast cancer cell line MCF-7 to paclitaxel through cyclin B1.

Hypoxia, frequently found in the center of solid tumors, may lead to enhance the production of key factor in cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis and loss of apoptosis. The low oxygen tension in hypoxic tumors is also known to interfere with the efficacy of chemotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms are not very clear. Paclitaxel (PTX) is an active agent used in breast cancer chemotherapy, which disturbs microtubule dynamics and impairs the transition of cells from metaphase to anaphase in mitosis, leading to cell death by apoptosis. In the present study, we try to determine whether hypoxia can decrease the chemosensitivity of human breast carcinoma cells to PTX and elucidate the underlying mechanism. We found that hypoxia could decrease PTX-induced cell death and G(2)/M arrest. Furthermore, our results showed that hypoxia inhibit PTX-induced soluble tubulin polymerized. In addition, we also found hypoxia could suppress PTX-induced cell cycle protein-cyclin B1 expression in MCF-7 cells. To further investigate whether the inhibitory effect of hypoxia on PTX-induced cell death is mediated by decreasing levels of cyclin B1, cyclin B1-transfected MCF-7 cells were used under hypoxic condition. The data showed that the hypoxia-based decreasing chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to PTX was reversed by cyclin B1. We also found that overexpression of cyclin B1 could significantly increase the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to PTX by stimulating soluble polymerized tubulin. Overall, hypoxia decreases cyclin B1, which could in turn reverse hypoxia-induced decreasing chemosensitivity to PTX in breast cancer cell line MCF-7.

S323I polymorphism of the C5L2 gene was not identified in a Chinese population with familial combined hyperlipidemia or with type 2 diabetes.

C5L2, a G protein-coupled receptor, is known to be a functional receptor of acylation-stimulating protein, which is a stimulator of triglyceride synthesis and glucose transport. A novel C5L2 variant (S323I) was identified and its association with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) was recently reported. We looked for this SNP in three Chinese ethnic groups, including Han, Uygur, and Kazakh controls and patients with FCH and type 2 diabetes. One hundred and eighty-two unrelated subjects (77 of Han, 57 of Uygur, and 48 of Kazakh) with FCH were genotyped by direct sequencing, and 852 subjects (342 of Han, 338 of Uygur, 172 of Kazakh) with type 2 diabetes and 200 healthy controls (67 of Han, 72 of Uygur, and 61 of Kazakh) chosen from a cardiovascular risk survey study were genotyped with PCR-RFLP analysis. All 182 subjects with FCH, 99.5% of the type 2 diabetes patients and 100% of the healthy controls were successfully genotyped. Neither the FCH subjects nor the type 2 diabetes patients were found to have the S323I variant. This variant was also not identified in the healthy controls. We found no evidence to demonstrate that the S323I polymorphism contributes to familial combined hyperlipidemia or type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population.

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 decreased chemosensitivity of MDA-435 breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs through the PI3K/AKT/NF-кB pathway.

TIMP-1 is well known to be capable of inhibiting apoptosis. Elevated levels of TIMP-1 in tumor tissue have been shown to be strongly associated with a poor response to chemotherapy. In this study, using conventional cytotoxic drugs commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer, we investigated how TIMP-1 influenced the efficacy using breast cell lines. Our data demonstrated that overexpression of TIMP-1 could significantly decrease the sensitivity of MDA-435 breast cancer cells to epirubicin and paclitaxel. TIMP-1 can potently activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-кB) signaling. Furthermore, the TIMP-1-induced attenuation of the effect of epirubicin and paclitaxel was reversed by the PI3K/Akt chemical inhibitor LY294002 and the NF-кB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), showing that the PI3K/Akt and NF-кB signaling pathway was involved in the TIMP-1-induced effect on chemoresistance. Taken together, our results indicate that TIMP-1 decreased chemosensitivity through the PI3K/Akt/NF-кB signal transduction pathway in MDA-435 breast cancer cells.