1-Fluoro-1-sulfonyloxylation of Alkenes by Sterically and Electronically Tuned Hypervalent Iodine: Regression Analysis toward 1,1-Heterodifunctionalization.

In the heterodifunctionalization of alkenes, 1,1-regioselectivity remains elusive in sharp contrast to 1,2-regioselectivity. Herein, the 1-fluoro-1-sulfonyloxylation of styrenes with Bu4NBF4 and sulfonic acids using a hypervalent iodine ArI(OAc)2 is reported. Regression analysis of substituents on ArI(OAc)2 suggested that their electron-withdrawing ability and steric factor influence the 1,1-heterodifunctionalization. We designed o-{2,4-(CF3)2C6H3}- and p-NO2-substituted ArI(OAc)2 by the regression analysis to achieve high selectivity.

Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells can transdifferentiate into skeletal myocytes in vitro.

We have previously reported the establishment of preadipocyte cell lines, termed dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells, from mature adipocytes of various animals. DFAT cells possess long-term viability and can redifferentiate into adipocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, DFAT cells can transdifferentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes under appropriate culture conditions. However, it is unclear whether DFAT cells are capable of transdifferentiating into skeletal myocytes, which is common in the mesodermal lineage. Here, we show that DFAT cells can be induced to transdifferentiate into skeletal myocytes in vitro. Myogenic induction of DFAT cells resulted in the expression of MyoD and myogenin, followed by cell fusion and formation of multinucleated cells expressing sarcomeric myosin heavy chain. These results indicate that DFAT cells derived from mature adipocytes can transdifferentiate into skeletal myocytes in vitro.