Malignant testicular unclassified sex cord stromal tumor: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Most testicular tumors are germ cell tumors; sex cord stromal tumors are infrequent, accounting for only 3-5% of testicular tumors. Unclassified sex cord stromal tumors are extremely rare. Generally, 10% of sex cord stromal tumors are malignant. We report a case of malignant unclassified sex cord stromal tumor with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis at first visit and a corresponding literature review. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old Japanese man visited our department primarily for indolent right scrotum enlargement in September 2020. Blood biochemistry examination, urinalysis, and tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase) showed no abnormal findings. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed enlarged para-aortic lymph node (18 × 16 and 10 × 102 mm); a 50 × 452 mm mass with uneven contents was found in the right testicle. The patient underwent inguinal orchiectomy in September 2020. As per immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for SF-1 and Ki-67, partially positive for inhibin, and negative for CAM5.2, CK7, CK20, C-KIT, CD30, LCA, GATA-3, TTF-1, and PAX8. Calretinin was expressed in approximately 5% of tumor cells; thus, sex cord/gonadal stroma components were considered to be involved. The final pathological diagnosis was unclassified malignant sex cord stromal tumor. The patient was diagnosed with pT1, N1, M0, S0, and tumor-node-metastasis stage IIA disease. The patient received postoperative chemotherapy with four courses of etoposide and cisplatin therapy from November 2020. Post-chemotherapeutic computed tomography showed new metastatic lesions including lung, liver, pancreas, and para-aortic lymphadenopathy, which increased in size. Disease progression was observed. Cancer genome research was performed using the OncoGuide National Cancer Center oncopanel system; however, no gene mutation for which the drug could be expected to be effective was found. The patient opted for best supportive care at a nearby hospital and died from cancer progression in January 2022. CONCLUSION: We encountered a case of malignant testicular unclassified sex cord stromal tumor pathologically diagnosed as testicular tumor with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis in a patient who underwent inguinal orchiectomy. Future data collection is necessary to establish multimodality therapy for malignant testicular unclassified sex cord stromal tumor.

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease diagnosed by prostate biopsy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is characterized by swelling of various organs throughout the body and nodules/hypertrophic lesions. However, its cause remains unknown. We report a case of immunoglobulin G4-related disease that was diagnosed based on the histopathological findings of prostate biopsy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old Japanese man had been treated by a nearby doctor for hypertension, but subsequently developed lower urinary tract symptoms and was prescribed an α1 blocker for 1 year. However, the patient was subsequently referred to our department because his symptoms did not improve. Prostate-specific antigen was 1.258 ng/ml; however, the nodule was palpable in the right lobe on digital rectal examination, and magnetic resonance imaging suggested Prostate Imaging and Reporting and Data System category 3. Therefore, transrectal prostate needle biopsy (12 locations) under ultrasound was performed. Histopathological examination revealed no malignant findings, although infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, and partial fibrosis were observed. No remarkable findings of obstructive phlebitis were observed. Immunoglobulin G4-related disease was suspected, and immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin G4 immunostaining was performed. Immunoglobulin G4 positive plasma cells were observed in a wide range, immunoglobulin G4 positive cells were noted at > 10 per high-power field, and the immunoglobulin G4 positive/immunoglobulin G positive cell ratio was > 40%. Serum immunoglobulin G4 levels were high at 1600 mg/dl. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography findings suggested periaortitis. Additionally, multiple lymphadenopathies were observed around the abdominal aorta. The patient was accordingly diagnosed with immunoglobulin G4-related disease definite, diagnosis group (definite). We proposed steroid treatment for periaortic soft tissue lesions and lower urinary tract symptoms; however, the patient was refused treatment. A computed tomography scan 6 months after diagnosis revealed no changes in the soft tissue lesions around the aorta. Follow-up computed tomography examinations will be performed every 6 months. CONCLUSION: If immunoglobulin G4-related disease is suspected and a highly invasive examination is required for histopathological diagnosis, this can be performed by a relatively minimally invasive prostate biopsy for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Further evidence is needed to choose an optimal candidate for prostate biopsy for lower urinary tract symptoms patients with suspicion of immunoglobulin G4-related disease. For patients with lower urinary tract symptoms with immunoglobulin G4-related disease or a history, performing a prostate biopsy may avoid unnecessary treatment. However, if steroid therapy is ineffective, surgical treatment should be considered.

Primary leiomyoma of the ureter: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Only 14 cases of leiomyoma with ureteral origin have been reported previously. Such primary leiomyomas often present as hydronephrosis, making the diagnosis difficult. Radical nephroureterectomy is often performed because of the possible diagnosis of a malignant tumor. We report the 15th case of primary leiomyoma with a ureteral origin. CASE PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old Japanese man presented with a chief complaint of asymptomatic gross hematuria with a history of hypertension. Enhanced computed tomography showed a tumor at the upper part of the right ureter that appeared to be the cause of hydronephrosis and contracted kidney; no retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and distal metastasis were observed. A well-defined 20-mm (diameter) defect was identified at the upper of the right ureter on retrograde pyelogram with no bladder cancer on cystoscopy. Urine cytology and right divided renal urine cytology findings were negative. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed, and the extracted tumor measured 20 × 13 mm. Histopathological examination revealed primary leiomyoma with no recurrence 16 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative examination with the latest available ureteroscopic technology can help preserve renal function in the case of benign tumors by enabling preoperative ureteroscopic biopsy or intraoperative rapid resection. Moreover, nephroureterectomy is recommended in the case of preoperative suspicion of ureteral malignant tumors.