Association between diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and knee osteoarthritis in secondary referral hospitals in Indonesia with retrospective cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a disease with degenerative joints. There are some risk factors for osteoarthritis, including age, gender, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. The preview study also showed a relationship between osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus. Besides diabetes mellitus, hypertension may be a risk factor for osteoarthritis. However, research about the relationship between diabetes mellitus and hypertension based on the degree of osteoarthritis is still controversial. This study aims to determine the association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension with the severity of knee osteoarthritis in general and based on gender. Methods: This research used a retrospective cross-sectional research study with a sample size of 35 patients in Orthopaedic and Traumatology in East Java, who suffered from knee osteoarthritis. Data was collected with medical records, the questionnaire, and the Kellgren & Lawrence system to assess the grade of knee osteoarthritis. Results: The Chi-Square test results showed no significant relationship (p > 0.05) between diabetes mellitus and hypertension on the severity of osteoarthritis, both in general and by gender. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is no association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension on the severity of knee osteoarthritis between male and female patients.

Correlation between severity of knee osteoarthritis with gender of patients in Secondary Referral Hospital in Indonesia.

Aim Knee osteoarthritis is a common osteoarthritis, which limits individual's activity and affects aspects of daily life and quality of life. The prevalence of osteoarthritis in Indonesians is still high, reaching 12.7% in women and 15.8% in men. Based on the WHO, the prevalence of osteoarthritis in the world is still high, with 18% in women and 80% in men. This study aimed to determine the relationship between gender and the severity of knee osteoarthritis at Baptis Hospital, Batu City. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 27 female patients and 10 male patients who suffer from knee osteoarthritis at Baptis Hospital, Batu City. Data on gender and the severity of osteoarthritis were collected from medical records. The severity of knee osteoarthritis was assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence system. Results Among 27 female (73%) and 10 male patients (27%), seven patients suffered from osteoarthritis grade 1, 13 from osteoarthritis grade 2, 16 from osteoarthritis grade 3, and one patient suffered from osteoarthritis grade 4. There was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between the severity of knee osteoarthritis and patients gender. Conclusion There was no significant relationship between the severity of knee osteoarthritis between males and females.

Hormone-balancing and protective effect of combined extract of Sauropus androgynus and Elephantopus scaber against Escherichia coli-induced renal and hepatic necrosis in pregnant mice.

BACKGROUND: Elephantopus scaber (ES) and Sauropus androgynous (SA) have been frequently reported to possess antibacterial activity through in vitro, but in vivo studies about the protective effect of combined ES and SA have acquired less attention. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate protective effect of combined ethanol extract of ES and SA on hormone imbalance and renal and hepatic necrosis formation in Escherichia coli-infected pregnant mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 pregnant Balb/c mice were divided into seven groups (n = 4): control, E. coli-infected pregnant mice, infected pregnant mice received 200 mg/kg ES, infected pregnant mice received combined 150 mg/kg ES and 37.5 mg/kg SA (75:25), 100 mg/kg ES and 75 mg/kg SA (50:50), 50 mg/kg ES and 112.5 mg/kg SA (25:75), and only 150 mg/kg SA. Pregnant mice were orally treated with combined ES and SA on day 1-4th of pregnancy. On the 4th day, mice were infected with 107 CFU/mL of E. coli and continuously treated with ES and SA until the 16th day of pregnancy. After treatment, the kidney and liver were prepared for histological examination using H&E staining. The blood serum was collected in each stage of pregnancy and measured by ELISA assays. RESULTS: Combined ES and SA gave an impact on altering the prolactin level. Combined ES and SA at ratio dose 75:25 was able to restore progesterone to normal levels (P < 0.05). The level of estradiol (E2) was relatively stable in the presence of E. coli and treatment. Treatment with 200 mg/kg ES, combined 50 mg/kg ES and 112.5 mg/kg SA (25:75) and 100 mg/kg ES and 75 mg/kg SA (50:50) demonstrated an immunomodulatory effect on the Gr1+ cell of E. coli treated-pregnant mice. E. coli infection significantly increased renal tubules and hepatic necrosis in pregnant mice compared to control (P < 0.05). Combined SA and ES at ratio dose 75:25 significantly demonstrated remarkable renal and hepatic protection activity in infected pregnant mice. CONCLUSION: The present study provided the establishment of combined ES and SA could be used to invent potent hormonal balancing agent and hepato-renal protective agent in infected pregnant mice.