Recomendaciones para el estudio genético de la pareja con alteraciones en la reproducción / Recommendations for the genetic study of couples with impaired reproduction

Siempre se debe garantizar un asesoramiento genético apropiado a la pareja, tanto antes como después del estudio genético. Las pruebas genéticas se han clasificado como pruebas altamente recomendables, recomendables u opcionales, según su resultado modifique el pronóstico. La indicación de las pruebas genéticas en la mujer con alteraciones en la reproducción se ha clasificado sobre la base de la historia clínica personal y familiar y puede abarcar el cariotipo en sangre periférica, el estudio molecular del gen CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), de X frágil, del factor II, del factor V y de metilentetrahidrofolatoreductasa (MTHFR). Respecto a los varones con alteraciones en la reproducción, cualquier estudio genético debe ir precedido por un estudio andrológico, que debe incluir al menos una historia clínica personal, familiar y el análisis de semen. Se puede indicar el cariotipo en sangre periférica, el estudio molecular de CFTR, las microdeleciones en el cromosoma Y, la hibridación fluorescente in situ (FISH, por sus siglas en inglés) en espermatozoides, el estudio de meiosis en tejido testicular y la fragmentación del ADN (AU)

In order to improve the care and follow up of couples with impaired reproduction, several scientific societies and experts have established specific recommendations for genetic testing in the evaluation of reproductive disorders in couples with impaired reproduction. Appropriate genetic counselling must be given to the couple before and after the genetic testing. Genetic tests have been classified as “highly recommended,” “recommended” or “optional” depending on whether the results have changed the prognosis of the corresponding pathology. The indication for genetic testing in women with impaired reproduction is classified on the basis of personal and family medical history and can include the karyotype in peripheral blood, the molecular study of CFTR, Fragile X, factor II, factor V and MTHRF. As regards men with impaired reproduction, every genetic study should be preceded by an andrological study, which must include at least the personal and family history and a semen analysis. A medical indication can be made for the karyotype in peripheral blood, the molecular study of CFTR, microdeletions on the Y chromosome, FISH sperm FISH, meiosis in testicular tissue studies, and DNA fragmentation (AU)

Long-term assessment of didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: 3-year follow-up.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of didadosine (ddI), lamivudine (3TC), and efavirenz (EFV). This was a follow-up to the VESD study, a 12-month open-label, observational, multicenter study of adult patients with HIV infection who started antiretroviral treatment with the ddI-3TC-EFV once-daily regimen. Of the 167 patients originally included, 106 patients remained on the same triple therapy at the end of the study (1 year), and they were offered an extra 24 months of follow-up; 96 were enrolled in this study (VESD-2). Seventy patients out of the initial cohort were still on the same regimen at month 36, with 97% of them with plasma viral load <50 copies /ml. An intention-to-treat analysis showed that the percentage of patients with plasma viral load <50 copies/ml was 73% at 36 months. CD4 cell counts increased 344 cells/microl over the 36 months. Safety and tolerance were good with no unexpected long-term toxicity. After 3 years of treatment with ddI-3TC-EFV, more than 40% of the patients were still receiving the initial antiretroviral therapy with sustained, durable immunovirological benefit and good acceptance. Long-term toxicity and virological failure were low.