[Some background data about the high dental anxiety of the Hungarian population]. / Adatok a hazai populáció fokozott fogászati szorongásának hátteréról.

100 dental patients waiting for hypnotic dental treatment (n = 100, 58 female, 42 male, mean age: 36.4 +/- 10.6 yr.) was investigated about their perceived origins of dental anxiety. Dental anxiety levels (DAS, DFS) and general anxiety were measured as well. Mean dental anxiety scores were high (DAS: 12.5 +/- 3.3; DFS: 47.9 +/- 17.3). The most frequent reason of high dental anxiety was previous painful dental treatment (20.0%), dislike of dentist's behaviour (15.0%), treatment error (5.0%), and "other reasons" (4.0%). A large amount of the patients (48.0%) did not know what to expect, and 8.0% indicate no fear related to dentistry. Previous painful dental treatment induced the highest dental anxiety (DAS: 15.1 +/- 3.1; DFS: 58.1 +/- 20.3), followed by the "other reasons" (DAS: 14.0 +/- 0.8; DFS: 50.5 +/- 13.5), treatment error (DAS: 13.0 +/- 3.7; DFS: 49.0 +/- 16.1), and dislike of dentist's behaviour (DAS: 11.4 +/- 2.8; DFS: 45.0 +/- 12.5). Increased general anxiety was found in the groups indicated previous painful dental treatment, "other reasons", and no expectation.

[Effectiveness of standardized direct suggestions in dental hypnosis]. / Standard direkt szuggesztiók hatékonyságának vizsgálata fogászati hipnózisban.

The frequency of occurrence of amnesia, analgesia and time distortion during hypnotic dental treatments (n = 60) was investigated on high dental anxiety patients. Hypnosis with and without standardised direct suggestions related to amnesia, analgesia and time distortion were compared. Treatment of alert patients without direct suggestions (n = 10) were also used for comparison. Amnesia and time distortion was higher (p < or = 0.05) with the use of suggestions under hypnotic conditions, but analgesia was not significantly different. Alert appearance of the events were in all cases less (p < or = 0.01) than under hypnotic conditions.

[Effects of photo-acoustic stimulation combined with hypnotherapy on saliva secretion. A pilot study]. / A fény-hang stimulációval kombinált hipnoterápia hatásai a nyálszekrécióra. Elózetes klinikai vizsgálatok.

Effect of photo-acoustic stimulation on the flow rate and protein concentration of whole saliva was investigated. 10 medical students' and 11 edentulous patients' salivary volume and protein concentrations were measured before, during, and after stimulation. The flow rate of the students' group was significantly higher (p < or = 0.01) before and after the treatment, whereas the protein concentration was significantly lower (p < or = 0.05) before, during and after treatment comparing to the patients' group. The flow rate of the students' groups significantly decreased during stimulation (p < or = 0.05). Salivary protein concentration of the students' group significantly increased (p < or = 0.05) after stimulation. There were no significant changes in the group of patients. Repeated stimulation combined with hypnotic relaxation was used in the case of 4 psychosomatic patients. Resting salivary flow and protein concentration significantly increased in 2 cases (p < or = 0.05) as a result of the therapy.

[Time parameters of dental hypnosis]. / A fogászati hipnózis idóparaméterei.

Dental treatments of high dental anxiety patients (n = 20) under hypnotic conditions were investigated. Time need of main hypnotic events like rapport; induction: deepening; calming: developing imagination; dehypnosis; discussion was measured. Total time was significantly higher (p < or = 0.05) than pure dental treatment time, but the time the patients percepted was significantly less then total (p < or = 0.05), even somewhat less then pure dental treatment time. Time distortion correlated significantly (negative Pearson's correlation; p < or = 0.05) with the time need of rapport (-0.50), calming (-0.51) and dehipnosis (-0.46), and with the time need of developing delightful imagination (+0.57) (positive Pearson's correlation; p < or = 0.05). There was no significant correlation between time distortion and the time need of hypnotic induction, deepening, total time need of hypnosis, or pure dental treatment time.

[Modification of the photo-acoustic stimulation in the psychotherapy of oral psychosomatic patients. Preliminary experiences]. / Módosítások a fény-hang stimuláció pszichoterápiás alkalmazásában. Elsó tapasztalatok oro-faciális kórképek terápiájában.

The possible use of a modified photo-acoustic stimulation technique was investigated in the explorative part of the psychotherapy of atypical oro-facial pain patients (n = 20; 13 females, 7 males; age between 39-59; psychiatric diagnostic categories in ICD-10: F41.2, F45.1) Since the stimulatory effects of this method cause difficulties to induce free imaginations, previously the main indication of this technique was the ego-strengthening of the patients, to help them to recognise and to verbalise emotions. In the modified technique, specific suggestions coming from detected changes of the patients' emotions, their symptoms, or their social activities are used. Our early results suggest that the modified technique advantageously speeded up the therapeutic process, but did not change the final therapeutic outcome.

[Epidemiologic study of dental fear in school children 8-15 years of age]. / Fogászati kezeléstöl való félelem epidemiológiai vizsgálata általános iskolás (8-15 éves) korcsoportban.

Authors investigated the dental fear scores (DAS, DFS) of 139 primary school children in Budapest, Hungary (72 females, 67 males, ages between 8-15 years). Sex and age had no effect on the scales. Mean dental fear scores were high (DAS: 10.7 +/- 3.7, DFS: 40.4 +/- 15.3). A strong correlation between DAS and DFS, and somewhat lower correlation between these scales and the general anxiety scales were demonstrated. Children's evaluation of the dental fear of the family and relations strongly correlated with dental fear and moderately with general anxiety. The results indicate that, dental fear is influenced by dental fear of family and relations, and general anxiety, but much less influenced by other demographic variables (i.e. age, sex) in primary-school children.

[Statistical analysis of the "Dental Fear Questionnaire" surveying various subpopulations in Hungary]. / A "Fogászati félelem kérdóív" ("Dental Fear Survey") statisztikai elemzése különbözó mintacsoportokon.

Authors investigated the Dental Fear Survey scores (DFS) of 362 persons from several subpopulations living in Budapest. Subjects were: 253 females, 109 males, aged 14 to 73 years. Scores of the items related to dental handpiece and anaesthetic needle were the highest. The group the participants belonged to influenced 19 items, marital status and age influenced 13 items, and sex influenced 10 items of the DFS significantly (one-way ANOVA, p < or = 0.05). Scores related to dental handpiece were higher than scores related to the anaesthetic needle, and the scores of the 20th item ("overall fear of dentistry") were near to the scores of most fearful items, indicating some "phobic character" of the Hungarian population.

Hsp70 is present in human saliva.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that chaperones are also present outside the cell, exerting cytokine-like effects and influencing immune recognition. Hsp70 has been found to be present in human blood sera. Chaperonins Cpn10 and Cpn60 are present in pancreatic juice, but Hsp70 is not. These observations raise the possibility that molecular chaperones may be present in other secretory fluids, such as human saliva. MATERIAL/METHODS: Human whole saliva was collected from six participants under resting conditions and secretory stimulation. The samples were precleared by centrifugation and sterile filtered. Salivary volume, protein concentration and amylase activity were determined. For detection of Hsp70 saliva proteins were separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE. Semi-dry Western blot analysis was used with a primary antibody against the inducible form of Hsp70. Hsp70 bands were detected with a horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody and ECL-Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: A single band was recognized around 70 kDa in the saliva of all the participants. There was a significant decrease of Hsp70, and a non-significant decrease of total protein concentration during stimulation, whereas the activity of salivary amylase increased significantly. Stimulation significantly increased the Hsp70, total protein and amylase outputs as well as the amylase/protein ratio, and decreased the Hsp70/amylase and Hsp70/protein ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Hsp70 is secreted to saliva, but unlike amylase is not transported by the exocytotic secretory mechanisms of acinar cells. Passive transport mechanisms of Hsp70 from blood serum or from salivary gland cells may be major routes of salivary Hsp70 secretion.

[The Hungarian version of the "Dental Beliefs Survey (DBS)--preliminary data in the Hungarian population]. / A "Fogászati vélemény kérdóív" ("Dental Beliefs Survey") magyar fordítása. Az elsó mérések eredményei hazal populáción.

The Hungarian version of DBS was analysed on 100 participants (64 females, 36 males, mean age: 36.4 +/- 14.3) from 5 subgroups: dental students (n = 20), other intellectuals (n = 20), dental nurses (n = 19), dental patients (n = 20), family doctor's patients (n = 21). Mean values were: DBS: 29.1 +/- 10.8; DAS: 10.6 +/- 3.9; DFS: 39.0 +/- 16.7. Family doctor's patients scored higher (p < or = 0.05) on DBS than all other groups, and dental students scored lower on DBS than all other groups (p < or = 0.05; except other intellectuals). DBS scores of age group between 21-30 yrs. differed significantly from age groups 31-40 yrs. (p < or = 0.05) and 41-50 yrs. (p < or = 0.01). There were no differences related to gender and marital status related to DBS scores. Positive Pearson's correlation (p < or = 0.05) of DBS was stronger related to dental anxiety scores (DAS: r = 0.56, DFS: r = 0.63) than related to general anxiety scores, whereas Pearson's correlation between DAS and DFS scores was even more prominent (r = 0.82, p < or = 0.05).

[Epidemiological study of dental fear scores in several Hungarian sub-populations]. / Epidemiológiai adatok néhány hazai szubpopuláció fogászati kezeléssel kapcsolatos félelmeiról.

Authors investigated the dental fear scores (DAS, DFS) and anxieties of 362 persons from several sub-populations living in Budapest. The subjects were: 253 females, 109 males, aged 14 to 73. Dental fear scores were rather high (DAS: 11.0 +/- 3.6; DFS: 42.0 +/- 16.0). Age influenced the dental fear scales (DAS and DFS) only; sex, and marital status influenced both dental fear scales and general anxiety scales (one-way ANOVA). A strong correlation between DAS and DFS, and somewhat lower correlation between these scales and the general anxiety scales were also demonstrated.

[Psychic aspects of the overactive gag reflex (gagging) in connection with a clinical case]. / A fokozott garatreflex (öklendezés) pszichés vonatkozásairól egy esettanulmány kapcsán.

The overactive gag reflex is one of the etiologic categories of psychosomatic symptoms, which most often arise from environmental stressors. If organic disturbances, anatomic anomalies, or biomechanical inadequacies of existing prostheses are not key causes, the services of trained specialists are needed to help with behavioural management of the problem. Hypnosis can provide the clinician with a set of techniques, which may be used to augment or facilitate a particular course of treatment. In the case report, the patient's history and her overactive gag reflex suggested to use hypnosis therapy. The responsibility of a dentist can be found in his possible recognition of eventually necessary psychotherapy when consulting a patient.