Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Infecting the Anal Canal and Cervix in HIV+ Men and Women, Anal Cytology, and Risk Factors for Anal Infection.

The incidence of anal intraepithelial neoplasias associated with HPV is rising worldwide. In the general population, this pathology is rare, but individuals living with HIV/AIDS are at a significantly higher risk. We aimed to study HPV infection and performed cytological screening to study the epidemiological and behavioral determinants in a group of men and women living with HIV from a region in Mexico with high HIV incidence. This was a cross-sectional study including adults living with HIV/AIDS performed in Merida (Mexico). We invited patients of public HIV/STD clinics and those affiliated with social organizations of people living with HIV to participate in the study. Participants responded to an instrument to assess their risky behaviors and clinical history. Swabs from the anal canal and cervix and anal cytology specimens were obtained by medical staff from women and by self-sampling from men. For the 200 participants, 169 men and 31 women, anal HPV PCR tests resulted in 59.8% positivity (62.6% of men and 45.2% of women), and 17 genotypes were identified. The most frequent high-risk (HR) types for the anal canal were: HPV33 (35.3%), HPV58 (20.6%), HPV66 (18.6%), HPV45 (17.6%), and HPV16 (14.7%). Multiple genotypes were found in over 80% of the participants. Receptive anal intercourse in the previous 12 months, inconsistent condom use, and detectable HIV titers (≥50 cc/mL) were associated with HPV infection (p < 0.05). Cytology (smears and liquid-based) identified that 34.6% of the participants had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), and 3.5% had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Neither HPV nor lesions were associated with low CD4+ counts (<200 cells/mm3, p > 0.05). Of the women, 60% were infected in the cervix and 45% in the anal canal, with an agreement of at least one genotype in 90%. The HR-HPV types associated with HSILs were HPV66, 33, 52, 51, 45, 18, and 68.

Human papillomavirus type 13: Genome amplification and characterization data.

As for 2020 only two complete genomes of Human papillomavirus type 13 (HPV13) are publicly available in GenBank database. In addition, reports of partial sequences of genetic regions are very limited. Therefore, genomic research that contributes to knowledge of viral components involved in HPV13 pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms associated to multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) disease are urged. In the accompanying paper [1], we aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of HPV13 associated to MEH disease, obtained from a Mayan boy living in Yucatan, Mexico. Coding sequences were annotated, and viral proteins traduced and deposited in GenBank with accession number MT068446. In this data report, we present the oligonucleotide list used to amplify the complete genome, a graphical abstract of process employed for the amplification of circular HPV13 genome, a representative figure of PCR products obtained for sequencing and multiple sequence alignments with the translated coding sequences of the existing genomes: X62843 is the first HPV13 genome reported [2]; it was generated from a clone obtained from a Turkish patient; DQ344807 was originally obtained from a patient in the Amazonian region [3]. The multiple sequence alignments show the main viral proteins (predicted). This provides relevant information for future molecular analysis and epidemiological studies because HPV13 is an understudied genotype associated to a neglected disease that appears more commonly in children. Additionally, the description of the methods can help in future sequencing of HPV genomes. We hope that our solutions will help researchers who do not have next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. A more comprehensive analysis of this data may be obtained from "Genomic characterization of Human papillomavirus type 13, associated to Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia, in a Mayan community" [1].

Genomic characterization of human papillomavirus type 13, associated to multifocal epithelial hyperplasia, in a Mayan community.

Human papillomavirus type 13 (HPV13) is a low-risk HPV type associated with Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (MEH). It is considered a rare pathology of oral mucosa, more prevalent in certain ethnical groups, such as the Maya from Yucatan in Mexico. As for 2020 only two complete genomes of HPV13 are publicly available in Genbank database (one from Turkey one from the Amazonian). We aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of HPV13 associated to MEH, obtained from a community in the Mayan area from Mexico. A bank of oral swabs from children with MEH were used. To enrich the sample, a Rolling Cycle Amplification (RCA) method was performed followed by overlapping end-point PCR of 500 bp fragments, Sanger sequencing and assembly. Eight open reading frames (ORFs) were annotated (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, L1 and L2 genes). When compared with the other two previously reported genomes the identity at nucleotide level is high 98.9% and 99.6%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree shows that Yucatan HPV13 is more closely related to HPV13 obtained from the Amazonian. Most changes identified at amino acid level are substitutions derived from nucleotide variations or SNPs in coding regions. Amino-acid changes were observed in E2 and E1 proteins (n ≥ 8), and in L1, L2, E6 and E5 proteins (n ≤ 5). E7 protein from Yucatan has 100% identity with the reported from Amazonian and differs (94.1% identity) with the one from Turkey due to 3 substitutions and three missing amino acids. In conclusion, the genome from HPV13 (7831 bp, 49 nt missing) associated to MEH in the Mayan area from Yucatan was obtained from stored swabs; this is the first effort in Mexico, the second in Latin America, and the third of the world. More research that contributes to the knowledge of the determinants underlying this neglected pathology are urged.