Education and armed conflict: consequences on the population of children and adolescents in Colombia: editorial / Educación y conflicto armado: consecuencias en la población de niños, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia: editorial

Throughout history, the right to education has been a determining and unquestionably necessary factor for the improvement of people; however, as a socio-political process, it has not been free of adversities. In this sense, for more than six decades, Colombia has lived in the context of an internal armed conflict

A lo largo de la historia, el derecho a la educación ha sido un factor determinante e indiscutiblemente necesario para la superación de las personas; sin embargo, como proceso sociopolítico, no ha estado exento de adversidades. En este sentido, desde hace más de seis décadas, Colombia vive en el contexto de un conflicto armado interno

Dehalogenation and coupling of a polycyclic hydrocarbon on an atomically thin insulator.

Catalytic activity is of pivotal relevance in enabling efficient and selective synthesis processes. Recently, covalent coupling reactions catalyzed by solid metal surfaces opened the rapidly evolving field of on-surface chemical synthesis. Tailored molecular precursors in conjunction with the catalytic activity of the metal substrate allow the synthesis of novel, technologically highly relevant materials such as atomically precise graphene nanoribbons. However, the reaction path on the metal substrate remains unclear in most cases, and the intriguing question is how a specific atomic configuration between reactant and catalyst controls the reaction processes. In this study, we cover the metal substrate with a monolayer of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), reducing the reactivity of the metal, and gain unique access to atomistic details during the activation of a polyphenylene precursor by sequential dehalogenation and the subsequent coupling to extended oligomers. We use scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory to reveal a reaction site anisotropy, induced by the registry mismatch between the precursor and the nanostructured h-BN monolayer.

C-N coupling on transition metal surfaces: a density functional theory study.

We have investigated the formation of C-N bonds from individual atoms and single hydrogenated moieties on a series of transition metals. These reactions play a role in HCN formation at high oxygen coverage, also known as Andrussow oxidation, and they are fundamental to understand the ability of other materials to form part of alloys where Pt is the major component. Dehydrogenations take place quite easily under these high oxygen conditions and thus, the C+N, HC+N, and N+CH recombinations to form HCN or its isomer CNH might represent the rate-limiting steps for the reaction. For all the metals in the present study we have found that the activation energy for the reactions between H(x)C and NH(y) (x,y = 0,1) involved in C-N formation follow a linear relationship with the adsorption energy of the N atom. This is due to the common nature of all these transition states, where N-containing fragments get activated from three-fold hollow sites to bridge positions. The slopes of the linear dependence, though, depend on the valence of the N fragment, i.e., smaller slopes are found for NH moieties with respect to N ones.

Diagnóstico y seguimiento del feto con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) y del feto pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG). Consenso Colombiano / Diagnosing and managing foetuses suffering from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and foetuses which are small for their gestational age (SGA). Colombian consensus

Objetivo: dar a conocer a los participantes en el cuidado de la salud de la mujer embarazada, los más recientes avances y recomendaciones clínicas de un tema controversial que es causa importante de morbimortalidad perinatal en Colombia. Metodología: se revisaron las bases de datos Cochrane, Medline y Embase, además de la base latinoamericana SciELO, libros de la especialidad y consensos de otras sociedades científicas en búsqueda de estudios diagnósticos, revisiones sistemáticas, estudios aleatorizados y metaanálisis relativos a los términos: “restricción de crecimiento intrauterino” y “pequeño para la edad gestacional” en el período comprendido entre 1995-2009. A partir de esto, se realizó un manuscrito inicial, el cual fue sometido a discusión por medio de Internet. Posteriormente, el manuscrito final fue discutido y modificado en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia), en el marco del congreso de Medicina Fetal S.A. en septiembre de 2008. Resultados: teniendo en cuenta la evidencia disponible, se presentó una guía para el manejo del feto PEG y con RCIU, la cual puede ser aplicada a Colombia. Conclusiones: este tema genera controversia debido a la falta de evidencia científica para la aplicación de algunas definiciones y pruebas diagnósticas en su manejo.

Objective: making those participating in pregnant women’s health care aware of the latest clinical recommendations regarding a controversial topic which is an important cause of perinatal morbidity in Colombia. Methodology: the Cochrane Library, Medline and Embase databases were searched as well as SciELO Latin-American database, specialised books and consensus from other scientific societies for diagnostic studies, systematic reviews, randomised trials and meta-analysis carried out between 19952009 regarding the terms “intrauterine growth restriction”and “small for gestational age”. An initial manuscript was written and submitted for on-line discussion. The final manuscript was discussed and amended in Medellín, Colombia, during the Foetal Medicine Congress held in September 2008. Results: a guide to managing SGA and IUGR foetuses was written and is presented here; it has been based on the best available evidence and could be applied in Colombia. Conclusions: this issue produces controversy due to a lack of scientific evidence for applying some definitions and diagnostic tests when managing IUGR and SGA foetuses.

Vaginosis bacteriana / Bacterial vaginosis

El flujo vaginal es de las primeras 25 causas de consulta al médico particular en los Estados Unidos. Además, el 40 por ciento de las mujeres con síntomas vaginales tienes algún tipo de vaginitis. Es así como la vagiditos es probablemente la infección más comúnmente tratada por médicos ginecobstetras y se estima que de ella derivan 5 a 10 millones de consultas anualmente...