Variation Analysis in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Cases.

Menopausal status affects the prognoses and consequences of breast cancer. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to reveal the molecular variation profile differences in breast cancer patients according to their menopausal status, with the hypothesis that the molecular variation profiles will be different at premenopausal and postmenopausal ages. Breast cancer patients (n = 254) who underwent molecular subtyping and QIAseq Human Breast Cancer NGS Panel screening between 2018 and 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. Their menopausal status was defined by age, and those aged 50 years and above were considered postmenopausal. Of the subjects, 58.66% (n = 149) were premenopausal and 41.34% (n = 105) were postmenopausal. The mean age at the time of diagnosis for all patients was 49.31 ± 11.19 years, with respective values of 42.11 ± 5.51 and 59.54 ± 9.01 years for the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups, respectively (p = 0.000). Among premenopausal patients, the percentages of patients in BCa subtypes (luminal A, luminal B-HER2(-), luminal B-HER2(+), HER2 positive, and triple-negative) were determined to be 34.90%, 8.05%, 26.17%, 10.74%, and 20.13%, respectively, while in the postmenopausal group, these values were 39.05%, 16.19%, 24.76%, 6.67%, and 13.33%, respectively (p > 0.05). Considering menopausal status, the distribution of hormone receptors in premenopausal patients was ER(+)/PgR(+) 63.76%, ER(-)/PgR(-) 23.49%, ER(+)/PgR(-) 10.74%, and ER(-)/PgR(+) 2.01%, respectively, while in postmenopausal women, this distribution was observed to be 74.29%, 23.81%, 1.90% and 0.00% in the same order (p = 0.008). The most frequently mutated gene was TP53 in 130 patients (51.18%), followed by PIK3CA in 85 patients (33.46%), BRCA2 and NF1 in 56 patients (22.05%), PTEN in 54 patients (21.26%), and ATR and CHEK2 in 53 patients (20.87%). TP53, PIK3CA, NF1, BRCA2, PTEN, and CHEK2 mutations were more frequently observed in premenopausal patients, while TP53, PIK3CA, BRCA2, BRCA1, and ATR mutations in postmenopausal patients. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying causes of breast cancer with respect to menopausal status. This study is the first from Turkey that reflects the molecular subtyping and somatic mutation profiles of breast cancer patients according to menopausal status.

Effect of non-thermal ultraviolet and ultrasound technologies on disinfection of meat preparation equipment in catering industry.

In recent years, ultraviolet and ultrasound treatments are gaining attraction as promising green decontamination technologies to ensure microbial safety in food industry. Decontamination by ultraviolet light is a physical process defined by the transfer of electromagnetic energy from a light source to an organism's cellular material and depended on the emission of radiation in the ultraviolet region (100-400 nm), specifically the UV-C region (200-280 nm) which has been demonstrated to be germicidal. Ultrasound technology is defined as sound waves with high and low frequency beyond the limit of human hearing and shows a decontamination effect that occurs as a consequence of cavitation at high power (low frequency) in general. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the effectiveness of ultraviolet light (254 nm, 10 min) and high frequency ultrasound techniques (40 kHz, 10 min) in reducing total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast and mold, Esherichia coli/coliform and Salmonella spp. on the equipment surfaces used in the catering facility. For this purpose, the equipment (cutting knife, meat grinder knife, knife sharpener, cut-proof glove) used in the meat preparation department of catering facility were selected for the treatments. According to the results, appreciable reductions were achieved in total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of the ultraviolet treated samples (maximum difference 2.61 log cfu/cm2) and the ultrasound treated samples (maximum difference 4.07 log cfu/cm2). After ultraviolet treatment, Salmonella spp. were totally inhibited on the contaminated surfaces. Furthermore, Escherichia coli/coliform was not detected in the samples after both treatments whereas it was detected before the treatments. It has been concluded that the techniques are effective in reducing microbiological load and also ultraviolet treatment is effective on pathogenic microorganisms on food contact surfaces. As a result, the ultraviolet and ultrasound techniques are effective treatments for equipment disinfection in the catering sector and can be used industrially as it gives successful results.

A valuable endobronchial ultrasound scoring system predicting malignant lymph nodes.

Background: This study aims to determine the sonographic criteria of lymph nodes to predict malignancy with endobronchial ultrasound. Methods: A total of 1,987 lymph nodes of 967 patients (666 males, 301 females; mean age: 62.1±11.9 years; range, 21 to 90 years) between May 2016 and July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The endobronchial ultrasound images of lymph nodes were evaluated according to the following criteria: size (short axis >1 cm), shape (round or oval), margin (distinct or indistinct), coagulation necrosis sign (present or absent), central hilar structure (present or absent) and echogenicity (homogeneous or heterogeneous). A scoring system was developed for predicting malignancy. Results: A total of 765 (38.5%) of the lymph nodes were malignant. In the univariate analysis, size >1 cm, round shape, distinct margin, absence of central hilar structure, presence of coagulation necrosis sign, and heterogeneity were significant predictors of malignancy (p<0.001 for all). In the multivariate analysis, the main independent predictors were heterogeneity and presence of coagulation necrosis sign (odds ratio=5.9, 95% confidence interval: 4.2-8.2 vs. odds ratio=3.1 95% confidence interval: 2.2-4.5, respectively). A cut-off value for endobronchial ultrasound score of ≥4 increased the malignancy risk 30 times with a sensitivity of 84.7%, and specificity of 84.5%. Conclusion: Our study results show that endobronchial ultrasound scoring system with six criteria has a high sensitivity and specificity for predicting malignant lymph nodes.

Exposure to Fumes of a Vegetable Margarine for Frying: Respiratory Effects in an Experimental Model.

Deep frying is one of the strongest emission sources into indoor air. A vegetable margarine has recently been used in commercial kitchens. This study investigated the respiratory effects of exposure to its fumes in an experimental model. A setup with glass chambers was constructed. A chamber housed a fryer. The fumes were transported to the other chamber where 24 Wistar albino rats were placed in four randomized groups: acute, subacute, chronic, and control for the exposure durations. PM10 concentration in the exposure chamber was monitored to ensure occupational levels were obtained. Sacrification was performed 24 h after exposure. Lung, trachea, and nasal concha specimens were evaluated by two blinded histologists under a light microscope with hematoxylin-eosin. Mild mononuclear cell infiltration, alveolar capillary membrane thickening, alveolar edema, and diffuse alveolar damage, along with diffuse hemorrhage, edema, and vascular congestion in the interstitium were observed in the acute and subacute groups, and were overexpressed in the chronic group, whereas normal lung histology was observed in the control group. The results indicate that exposure to fumes of vegetable margarine for frying in commercial kitchens may cause pulmonary inflammation that becomes severe as the duration of the exposure increases.

Transbronchial lung cr onchial lung cryobiopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse obiopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: Pitfalls and challenges, a single center experience.

BACKGROUND: : Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is a minimally invasive technique of the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD). The aim of this study is to determine the clinical-radiological and histopathological characteristics of patients in whom cryobiopsy contributes to the diagnosis. METHODS: : In this retrospective study, we searched for the medical records of patients who underwent TBLC from July 2015 to March 2020 at the pulmonology department of our university hospital clinic. Radiological images were evaluated by a chest radiologist experienced in DPLD. Prediagnosis was indicated by clinical-radiological findings. The final diagnosis was determined by the contribution of histopathological diagnosis. The agreement of pretest/posttest diagnosis and the diagnostic yield of TBLC were calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients with female predominance (59.0%) and current or ex-smoker (49.2%) made up the study population. We found the diagnostic yield of TBLC 88.5%. The most common radiological and clinical-radiological diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (n = 12, 19.6%) while the most common multidisciplinary final diagnosis was cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) (n = 14, %22.9). The concordance of pre/posttests was significant (p < 0.001) with a kappa agreement = 0.485. The usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) diagnosis was detected in six patients among 12 who were prediagnosed as IPF having also a suspicion of other DPLD by clinical-radiological evaluation (p < 0.001). After the contribution of TBLC, the multidisciplinary final diagnosis of 22(36.1) patients changed. The histopathological diagnosis in which the clinical-radiological diagnosis changed the most was nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). DISCUSSION: We found the overall diagnostic yield of TBLC high. The pretest clinical-radiological diagnosis was often compatible with the multidisciplinary final diagnosis. However, TBLC is useful for the confirmation of clinical radiological diagnosis as well as clinical entities such as NSIP which is difficult to diagnose clinical-radiological. We also suggest that TBLC should be considered in patients whose clinicopathological IPF diagnosis is not precise.

Use of shear-wave elastography to distinguish complex and complicated fibroadenomas from simple fibroadenomas.

PURPOSE: Simple fibroadenomas (SFAs), complex fibroadenomas (CFAs), and cellular fibroadenomas (CeFAs) are variants of fibroadenomas. Additionally, some degenerative, hyperplastic, and metaplastic changes may occur in fibroadenomas, forming complicated fibroadenomas. Distinctive ultrasonography (US) features in variants of fibroadenomas and complicated fibroadenomas have not been reported. Shear-wave elastography (SWE) can be applied to effectively discriminate between these variants and complicated fibroadenomas. In this study, we aimed to evaluate SWE findings to discriminate between SFAs and other variants. METHODS: In total, 48 patients (26 with SFAs, 16 with CFAs, 3 with CeFAs, and 3 with complicated fibroadenomas) participated in this study. The lesions were classified into two groups according to histopathologic diagnoses. The SWE evaluation and lesion elasticity scores (Emax, Emean, and Emin) were both assessed in m/s and k/Pa, respectively. Two observers measured Emax, Emean, and Emin. Brightness (B)-mode US findings based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categorization and elasticity scores were recorded. In the statistical analyses, the chi-square test and non-parametric tests were performed. Fisher's exact test was used to compare independent groups, and Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to correlate the SWE data between the two observers. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the elasticity values. RESULTS: The B-mode US features in both groups showed no statistical significance. The set of SWE values of both observers demonstrated strong statistical significance in discriminating between group 1 (SFAs) and Group 2 (CFAs, CeFAs, and complicated fibroadenomas). CONCLUSION: As the fibroadenoma variants and complicated fibroadenomas have similar US findings, SWE in addition to a conventional B-mode examination can increase the diagnostic performance to discriminate SFAs from other complex and complicated forms of fibroadenomas.

Contribution of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and contrast-enhanced thoracic CT texture analyses to the differentiation of benign and malignant mediastinal lymph nodes.

BACKGROUND: Texture analysis and machine learning methods are useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant tissues. PURPOSE: To discriminate benign from malignant or metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) texture analyses with machine learning and determine lung cancer subtypes based on the analysis of lymph nodes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Suitable texture features were entered into the algorithms. Features that statistically significantly differed between the lymph nodes with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), adenocarcinoma (ADC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were determined. RESULTS: The most successful algorithms were decision tree with the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) values of 89%, 50%, and 0.692, respectively, and naive Bayes (NB) with the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 50%, 81%, and 0.756, respectively, for PET/CT, and NB with the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 10%, 96%, and 0.515, respectively, and logistic regression with the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 21%, 83%, and 0.631, respectively, for CT. In total, 13 features were able to differentiate SCLC and ADC, two features SCLC and SCC, and 33 features ADC and SCC lymph node metastases in PET/CT. One feature differed between SCLC and ADC metastases in CT. CONCLUSION: Texture analysis is beneficial to discriminate between benign and malignant lymph nodes and differentiate lung cancer subtypes based on the analysis of lymph nodes.

Erratum to: Evaluation of gene expression levels in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.17279.].

Role of Radiology and Laparoscopy in Childhood Peptic Ulcer Perforation.

Objective: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in children is an uncommon disorder. An estimated 1.3 percent to 20 percent of people die from perforated peptic ulcers (PPU), a PUD consequence. Using a database, we assess the prevalence and prognosis of PPU in patients. We also do radiological and laparoscopic operations for PPU in young patients. In pediatric patients, sufficient accumulation of knowledge about laparoscopic repair is at the level of case reports. This study aims to assess the results in pediatric cases operated for PUP by open or laparoscopic surgery and determine the role of computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing PUP. Methods: Data was collected from the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Turkey, from 2015 to 2020. Patients under 18 years of age who were operated on for PUP between 2015 and 2020 were divided into two groups. Group 1 involved those patients operated by laparoscopic surgery, whereas Group 2 involved those used by open surgery. Both groups were retrospectively evaluated in terms of demographic data, clinical findings, preoperative-intraoperative findings and surgical methods (open or laparoscopic), duration of surgery, duration of nasogastric intubation, time of return to oral feeding, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Results: 18 patients consisting of 15 boys and 3 girls were included in the study. Group 1 involved 10 patients, whereas Group 2 involved 8 patients. In Group 1, the symptom onset period was 1.6 ± 1.9 days, and in Group 2, it was 6.6 ± 6.1 days. In the erect abdominal radiographs (AXR) of 10 (58.8%) patients, the air was under the diaphragm. Six patients whose erect AXRs showed no attitude under the diaphragm but had abdominal pain and acute abdominal manifestation were given abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning. In all patients with PUP, laparoscopic/open surgery involves primary suturing and repair by omentoplasty (Graham patch). The mean operative time was 87.0 ± 26.3 minutes in Group 1 and 122.5 ± 57.6 minutes in Group 2. The mean length of hospital stay was 3.9 ± 1.3 days in Group 1 and 5.8 ± 2.1 days in Group 2. Neither group developed any major surgical complications. Conclusions: Adolescents with a history of sudden onset and severe abdominal pain may present with peptic ulcer perforation even if there is no known diagnosis of peptic ulcer or predisposing factor. In cases suspected of PUP, it is vital to order and carefully examine erect AXR, which is an easy and inexpensive method. Computed tomography should be the first choice in patients without free air in ADBG but whose anamnesis and findings match peptic ulcer perforation.

Evaluation of hereditary/familial breast cancer patients with multigene targeted next generation sequencing panel and MLPA analysis in Turkey.

Breast cancer, a worldwide leading cause of cancer in women, may occur in familial cases. Germline mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are responsible for 15% of the familial cases. With the power of next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, it is possible to analyze genes related to hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer and investigate the genetic etiology more thoroughly. In this study, we investigated 30 genes identified frequent pathogenic alleles in Turkish population. The study includes 495 unrelated individuals diagnosed with breast cancer who are selected for genetic testing according to NCCN criteria for hereditary breast cancer. All patients were analyzed by NGS for BRCA1/2 genes. Deletion/duplication investigation by Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and massive sequencing of 30 breast cancer-related genes (Oncorisk Gene Panel) were performed in a stepwise manner. BRCA1/2 variants are the most frequent pathogenic variants which are found in 45 of 495 (9.1%) patients. Four previously unreported, novel, pathogenic variants of BRCA2 gene are identified. In four cases, exonic deletions of BRCA1/2 genes are determined and there is no duplication of these genes. NGS panel investigation involving other moderate-high risk genes contributed genetic diagnosis in an extra 39 out of 419 (9.3%) cases. Our study presents the cost effectiveness of the gene panel approach. We suggest that gene panels should be the first-tier genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer and MLPA analysis of BRCA1/2 genes should be investigated as a complementary method of NGS analysis.

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings of lung invasive adenocarcinoma subgroups and comparison of their short-term survivals.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography/ computed tomography and survival of lung invasive adenocarcinoma subgroups. METHODS: Between January 2010 and January 2016, a total of 152 patients (112 males, 40 females; mean age: 64.2±8.6 years; range, 41 to 88 years) who underwent lung resection for an invasive adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into subgroups as follows: acinar, lepidic, micropapillary, papillary, and solid. The maximum standardized uptake values in the imaging study and their relationship with survival were examined. RESULTS: There were 84 acinar (55%), 31 solid (20%), 23 lepidic (15%), nine papillary (5%), and five micropapillary (3%) cases. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography enhancement showed a statistically significant difference among the subgroups (p=0.004). The solid subgroup was the most involved (9.76), followed by micropapillary (8.98), acinar (8.06), papillary (5.82), and lepidic (4.23) subgroups, respectively. According to Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging, Stage I was present in 48.68% (n=74) of the cases, Stage II in 25.0% (n=38), Stage III in 25.0% (n=38), and Stage IV in 1.31% (n=2). The one-year, three-year, and five-year survival rates were significantly different among the disease stages (p=0.01). The longest survival duration was in the lepidic subgroup, although it did not reach statistical significance among the subgroups (p=0.587). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of invasive adenocarcinomas based on maximum standardized uptake values provides valuable information and may guide neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies in the future.

Effects of bevacizumab administration on the hypoxia - induced pulmonary hypertension rat model.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab is a chemotherapeutic drug, which selectively binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mainly inhibits angiogenesis and neovascularization. We aimed to study the possible effects of bevacizumab on right ventricular pressure (RVP), right ventricular hypertrophy, and VEGF, in hypoxia - induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) rat model. METHODS: 24 adult Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group - saline; Bevacizumab Group; PH Group; PH + Bevacizumab Group. In hypoxia - induced model, 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen were applied in a plexiglas box for eight days to PH Group and PH + Bevacizumab Group. On day eight, RVPs were measured directly from the heart, and then animals were sacrificed. Heart and lung tissues were examined, and Fulton index was measured. RESULTS: RVP, Fulton index, and tissue VEGF scores were significantly lower in PH + Bevacizumab group than PH group: median (ranges), RVP, mmHg, 37.8 (33.0-39.0) and 32.3 (28.0-35.0), p: 0.01; Fulton index: 0.30 (0.29-0.33) and 0.25 (0.24-0.26), p: 0.003; tissue VEGF scores: 5.1 (4.8-5.3) and 4.0 (3.8 4.1), p: 0.004, respectively. DISCUSSION: Bevacizumab, which is indeed an antineoplastic agent, might have a favorable effect on hypoxia - induced pulmonary hypertension.

Cold-set or hot-set emulsion gels consisted of a healthy oil blend to replace beef fat in heat-treated fermented sausages.

The current work aimed to investigate the utilization of gelled emulsion (GE) systems stabilized either with cold or hot gelation consisted of peanut and linseed oils as fat replacers in fermented beef sausages. The reformulation provided a healthier lipid profile, that led to decreasing total lipid content, cholesterol, and SFAs (from 46.6% to 23.5%) meanwhile increasing both MUFAs (from 47.3% to 51.0%) and PUFAs (from 4.7% to 25.4%) as well as improving nutritional ratios (ω-6/ω-3, PUFA/SFA, IA, and IT). Cold-set GE caused less significant changes in instrumental color and protected PUFAs compared with hot-set GE, whereas hot-set GE provided advantages over cold-set GE in terms of microstructure, purge loss, and sensory scores. Replacement of beef fat fully by a hot-set GE system instead of using a fat-GE mixture was effective in reducing oxidation. The results demonstrated that utilization of different GE systems can be an effective strategy to contribute to the development of lipid-modified fermented meat products.

Shear-Wave Elastography-Guided Core Needle Biopsy for the Determination of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtype.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether shear-wave elastography (SWE) guidance during core-needle biopsy can improve diagnostic accuracy and accurate determination of the molecular subtypes of breast cancer. METHODS: This controlled, randomized prospective cohort study included 58 patients (mean age: 56.9 ± 16.2) who were referred for image-guided core-needle biopsy between May 2018 and April 2019 for lesions larger than 1 cm. In Group 1, 30 lesions were biopsied without SWE guidance and recorded as Biopsy A. In Group 2, 30 lesions were examined with SWE before biopsy, and then two different parts of the lesions were biopsied; biopsies from the relatively rigid areas of the lesions were recorded as Biopsy B, and biopsies from the less rigid areas of the lesions were recorded as Biopsy C. The histopathological and immunohistochemical results of biopsies were compared with the surgical results. RESULTS: The sensitivity of Biopsy A, B and C were 96.7%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The benign-malignant concordance rates were 94.7%, 100%, and 90% and the diagnostic concordance rates were 89.5%, 100%, and 90% in Biopsies A, B, and C, respectively. When the 10% differences in the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki67 rates were considered significant, the concordance rate of ER was highest in Biopsy B (77.8%; p = 0.040). The concordance rate of immunohistochemical subtyping was 100% in Biopsy B and 71.4% in Biopsies A and C (p = 0.086). CONCLUSION: SWE-guided core-needle biopsy of breast lesions increased the sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy, and accuracy of immunohistochemical subtyping to 100%.

Conventional Imaging and Sonoelastography Findings of Oncocytic Breast Carcinoma in a Man.

Oncocytic breast carcinoma (OBC) is one of the rare types of invasive breast carcinoma in according to the classification of The World Health Organization. Herein we represent imaging findings of a case of 69-year-old male patient with OBC.

EGFR mutation status in a series of Turkish non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are potential markers driving carcinogenesis, and may alter the response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The frequency of EGFR mutations in patients with NSCLC differs according to sex, smoking habits and regional-based ethnicity differences. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of EGFR mutations in Turkish patients with NSCLC to highlight the importance of regional differences, and their associations with patient characteristics. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections of 409 NSCLC patients. The most common EGFR mutations in exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 were detected using BioFilmChip-based microarray assay. The overall EGFR mutation frequency was 16.6%, and the highest mutation frequencies were observed in exon 19 (6.4%) and exon 21 (7.3%). There was a higher frequency of EGFR mutations in females compared with males and in never-smokers compared with smokers (both P≤0.05). These results were similar to other European population-based studies, but not consistent Middle-Eastern based studies. The present study may contribute to understanding the gradient frequency of EGFR mutation across different ethnicities, and in designing genome wide-based collaborations that may reveal novel decision making and susceptibility mutations in EGFR in patients with NSCLC.

Evaluation of gene expression levels in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate gene expression levels in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma both which have a distinct treatment and prognosis. METHODS: Between January 2012 and January 2014, 12 newly diagnosed patients with a lung adenocarcinoma, 12 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, and eight healthy individuals as the control group were included. After treatment of the fresh samples of lung adenocarcinoma stored at -80°C for ribonucleic acid isolation, and paraffin-embedded tissues of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma were deparaffinized, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and expression of 84 genes associated with deoxyribonucleic acid repair were analyzed via real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. According to the expression of tumor cells, expression of each fold change was calculated. RESULTS: The BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK7, MLH3, MSH4, NEIL3, SMUG1, UNG, XRCC2, and XRCC4 genes showed more than five-fold higher expression in the patients with lung adenocarcinomas, compared to the control group. The patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma showed a five-fold higher expression in the APEX2, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK7, MLH1, MLH3, MSH3, MSH4, NEIL3, PARP2, PARP3, PMS1, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51D, RAD52, RPA3, SMUG1, UNG, XPA, XRCC2, and XRCC4 genes, compared to the control group. Comparing malignant pleural mesothelioma with lung adenocarcinoma cases, we found that CDK7, MLH1, TREX1, PRKDC, XPA, PMS1, UNG, and RPA3 genes were overexpressed. CONCLUSION: Our study results showed differences between expression profiles of deoxyribonucleic acid repair genes in lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Based on our study results, we suggest that TREX1, PRKDC, and PMS1 genes may play a key role in the differential diagnosis of these two entities.

Elastography findings of encapsulated solid papillary carcinoma of breast in a man.

Encapsulated solid papillary carcinoma (ESPC) is one of the malignant papillary lesions and classified it as ductal carcinoma in situ. Radiologic features of ESPC have been reported in the literature many times. However, to our best knowledge US elastography findings of ESPC have not been reported in the published literature yet. In this case report, we present US elastography findings of ESPC.

The prognostic value of morphologic findings for lung squamous cell carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Novel histopathological prognostic features for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of lung, such as tumor budding, mitotic rate, tumor stroma ratio, stroma type, stromal inflammation and necrosis, have been evaluated in the literature. In this study, the prognostic value of multiple morphological features is assessed in lung SCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study reports on seventy-six patients with lung SCC treated with complete surgical excision. Tumor size, tumor stage, lymph node status, lymphovascular invasion, histopathologic grade, mitotic count, necrosis, tumor budding, tumor stroma ratio, stroma type, stromal lymphoplasmacytic reaction and ratios of stromal plasma cells and their relationship with the prognosis were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for histopathological markers for local disease free survival (LDFS), distant disease free survival (DDFS), overall disease free survival (ODFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The univariate prognostic analysis of the pathological factors revealed that the pathological stage (OS: p=0.001, DDFS: p=0.040), lymph node metastases (OS: p=0.013), mitotic index (OS: p=0.026), tumor necrosis (DDFS: p=0.013, ODFS: p=0.021) and tumor size (OS: p=0.002) had a prognostic significance. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the pathological stage (OS: p=0.021), tumor size (OS: p=0.044), lymph node status (DDFS: p=0.019, ODFS; p=0.041) and necrosis (ODFS: p=0.048) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Although many histopathological factors have recently been proposed as important prognostic markers, we only found significant results for mitotic index and tumor necrosis, as well as the well known parameters such as tumor stage and lymph node status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating such a wide range of morphological prognostic factors in lung SCC.