RESUMO
Objectives: This study investigated the impact of a high-fat diet streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and dapagliflozin treatment on hepatic protein expression of CYP3A4. Materials and Methods: In our study, 34 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, high-fat diet and STZ-induced diabetes, dapagliflozin-treated control, and dapagliflozin-treated diabetes. In the microsomes obtained from the livers of these rats, the protein expression levels of CYP3A4 were determined by Western blotting. Results: Hepatic CYP3A4 protein expression levels in the control group treated with dapagliflozin were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group. In addition, hepatic CYP3A4 protein expression levels were decreased in dapagliflozin-treated diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats compared with those in both control and diabetic group rats, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: According to these two results, the use of dapagliflozin inhibited hepatic CYP3A4 protein expression.
RESUMO
Tobacco smoke from regular cigarettes contains a number of harmful chemicals such as nicotine, arsenic, benzene, carbon monoxide, heavy metals, and tobacco-derived nitrosamines. About 1% of over 7000 chemical substances formed by burning tobacco are identified as the leading causes or possible risk factors of smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and emphysema. The concept of heating tobacco without combustion and smoke has been designed for more than two decades. The products developed with this idea, known as "Heat-Not-Burn" tobacco cigarettes, were first introduced in the late 1980s but did not achieve commercial success. However, the tobacco giants have been trying to remarket tobacco heating systems with new technological and modified features for over 10 years. I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking (iQOS®) is one of the latest heat-not-burn tobacco products, first launched in Japan and Italy. The company then made a submission to the Food and Drug Administration as a modified-risk tobacco product application to sell its own tobacco-heating device iQOS® under its Marlboro® brand in the USA with reduced-risk claims in 2016, but it was rejected. This device is, however, now sold in more than four dozen countries. There are some striking claims that iQOS®, which is described as a novel hybrid product between traditional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, offers an alternative way to substantially reduce the amount of harmful components compared with traditional cigarettes by its new technology in which tobacco is heated up to 350°C instead of being burnt. It is claimed to produce vapour containing nearly 90% less toxic substances than cigarette smoke and not be a source of second-hand smoking negatively affecting indoor air quality. The purpose of this article is to objectively review the potential effects of iQOS® on human health and the environment by searching and integrating the published research findings.
