Epidemiology and risk factors of 28-day mortality of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in Turkish intensive care units: a prospective observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To uncover clinical epidemiology, microbiological characteristics and outcome determinants of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSIs) in Turkish ICU patients. METHODS: The EUROBACT II was a prospective observational multicontinental cohort study. We performed a subanalysis of patients from 24 Turkish ICUs included in this study. Risk factors for mortality were identified using multivariable Cox frailty models. RESULTS: Of 547 patients, 58.7% were male with a median [IQR] age of 68 [55-78]. Most frequent sources of HA-BSIs were intravascular catheter [182, (33.3%)] and lower respiratory tract [175, (32.0%)]. Among isolated pathogens (n = 599), 67.1% were Gram-negative, 21.5% Gram-positive and 11.2% due to fungi. Carbapenem resistance was present in 90.4% of Acinetobacter spp., 53.1% of Klebsiella spp. and 48.8% of Pseudomonas spp. In monobacterial Gram-negative HA-BSIs (n = 329), SOFA score (aHR 1.20, 95% CI 1.14-1.27), carbapenem resistance (aHR 2.46, 95% CI 1.58-3.84), previous myocardial infarction (aHR 1.86, 95% CI 1.12-3.08), COVID-19 admission diagnosis (aHR 2.95, 95% CI 1.25-6.95) and not achieving source control (aHR 2.02, 95% CI 1.15-3.54) were associated with mortality. However, availability of clinical pharmacists (aHR 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.90) and source control (aHR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28-0.77) were associated with survival. In monobacterial Gram-positive HA-BSIs (n = 93), SOFA score (aHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.43) and age (aHR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.08) were associated with mortality, whereas source control (aHR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.87) was associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Considering high antimicrobial resistance rate, importance of source control and availability of clinical pharmacists, a multifaceted management programme should be adopted in Turkish ICUs.

The Effect of Age and Sex on Ischemic Stroke: A Single-Centred Neuro-Intensive Care Unit Experience.

BACKGROUND: Age and sex are important determinants in the acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In this study, we examine the effects of age and sex on stroke survival and treatment in our clinic. METHODS: We reviewed 368 AIS patients' records between January 1, 2019, and January 1, 2020, and formed three groups of age; Group 1:18-64 years, Group 2:65-79 years, and Group 3:more than 80 years. Then, we analyzed patients' data (sex, risk factors, hospital outcome, etc.), reperfusion therapy (RT) types (tissue plasminogen activator(tPA), endovascular therapy(EVT) and tPA+EVT), and reasons for none- RT (time mismatch, absolute and relative contraindications). RESULTS: The majority of patients were age less than 65 years (48.6%), and the proportion of women increased in the older (56.1%). The most common stroke risk factor was hypertension (44.7%), but for those less than 65 years, it was obesity (46.6%). The most common RT type was tPA (56.7%), and no patients more than 80 years received tPA+EVT. The most common none-RT reason was time mismatch (65%). Being more than 80 years and female over 80 years (p=0.001, and p=0.005) were associated with increased mortality risk. While the frequency of none-RT patients was 28.8% in general, it increased up to 62.8% for the ones age more than 80 years. Also, the mortality rate was the highest in the none-RT(p less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: RT practices differed according to patients' age and sex. The main determinant of the mortality rate was the lack of RT. However, the older patients and older women had less opportunity for RT.

Evaluating causative agents, mortality factors, and laboratory data of hospital-acquired pneumonia patients.

OBJECTIVE: In the recent years, the increase in death rates from nosocomial pneumonia draws attention. The aim of this study was to examine the causative agents and mortality factors of patients with pneumonia who were followed up in the chest diseases intensive care unit. METHODS: Data of 1070 patients with pneumonia were screened for this study. A total of 160 patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia included in this study. The relationship between factors such as patients' comorbidities, length of stay in the intensive care unit, history of hospitalization or respiratory support therapy, infection markers such as C-reactive protein, white blood cell, nutritional markers such as albumin and protein, renal and liver function tests, culture growing microorganisms, and clinical pulmonary infection scores was evaluated and mortality rates were examined. RESULTS: Among 1070 patients, the rate of hospital-acquired pneumonia was 14.9%, and the mortality rate of pneumonia was 16.9%. Mortality was significantly increased in patients who stayed in the intensive care unit for more than 10 days, in patients with a clinical pulmonary infection score of ≥6 and with a history of hospitalization in the past one month, and received invasive mechanical ventilation therapy. Mortality increased in patients with hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, and high C-reactive protein values. The most commonly grown microorganism was Acinetobacter baumannii, which was also found significantly in patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: In the clinical approach to hospital-acquired pneumonia, in order to prevent mortalities, it is important to reveal whether the newly emerging symptoms and signs are related to pneumonia, to identify the causative pathogen, and to determine the severity of the disease.

Low-dose tocilizumab is associated with improved outcome and a low risk of secondary infection in severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory failure and death are the leading causes of severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hyper-inflammation and cytokine storm cause lung damage. This study aimed to compare the low-dose and high-dose effects of tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist. METHOD: Patients with severe pneumonia and hyper-inflammation signs because of COVID-19 were included in this retrospective study. Patients receiving tocilizumab <200 mg intravenously were classified as the low-dose group, and receiving ≥200 mg as the high-dose group, and those not treated with tocilizumab as the control group. Demographic and clinical data of patients who died and survived in both low-high dose and control patients were compared. According to symptom day and radiological infiltration, patients with tocilizumab were also evaluated in two groups as early and late periods at tocilizumab administration time. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients were included in the study; 70 were treated with a low dose and 50 with high-dose tocilizumab. Forty patients were in the control group. Age, comorbidity and clinical features were similar in the control, low-dose tocilizumab and high-dose tocilizumab groups. The mortality rate (12.9%, 30.0%, 37.5, P = .008) was less in the low-dose tocilizumab group. The secondary infection rate was higher in the high-dose group than in the low-dose tocilizumab and control groups (44.0%, 10.0%, 10.0%, P < .001). Distinguishing between those patients who died and survived, age (OR: 1.1589, P < .001), higher APACHE II scores (OR: 1.225, P = .001) and needs for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (OR: 14.469, P < .001) were the most critical risk factors. Low-dose tocilizumab was associated with a lower mortality rate (OR: 0.244, P = .012). CONCLUSION: The use of tocilizumab at a low dose is associated with lower secondary infections and mortality.

Is Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum a Poor Prognostic Factor in Covid-19?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), its clinical course and effect on prognosis in patients with Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pneumonia. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, Turkey, from April  to September 2020. METHODOLOGY: All COVID-19 patients' clinical, laboratory, and radiologic characteristics, as well as treatment outcome data, were obtained through medical record extraction. Group A had 50 patients (22 men and 28 women) without SPM, and Group B had 20 patients (10 men and 10 women) with SPM. RESULTS: Considering the accompanying comorbidities, the frequencies of asthma and inhaler-use was significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (p <0.05). In the CT evaluation at presentation, the rate of involvement of all five lobes of the lung in Group B was significantly higher than in Group A. Rates of tube thoracostomy, mechanical ventilator requirement, length of stay in hospital, and exitus were significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: SPM development in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia is a sign that the prognosis will not be good, and these patients need a more aggressive treatment. Key Words: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, COVID-19, Pneumothorax, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Subcutaneous emphysema.

Measuring the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter with Ultrasound in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Patients.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) with ultrasound enables non-invasive and indirect assessment of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Although most of the studies were employed with traumatic brain injury patients, it's increasingly popular in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) studies. OBJECTIVES: Evaluating whether using ONSD as a follow-up measurement would help monitor the thrombolytic therapy (TT) effectiveness and determine the high-risk patients for malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) syndrome. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted between August 1, 2019, and February 1, 2020, in a tertiary hospital. Forty-four patients were eligible. We determined the TT moment as the time when the first ocular ultrasound measurement would be made (time 0). Also, we decided on the 24th h after the treatment as the time to perform the second ocular ultrasound measurement (time 24). The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography (ASPECT) scores were evaluated blindly at the time-0 and the time-24. The cut-off value of ONSD was 0.55 mm. RESULTS: There was no difference in ONSD results before and after the TT (p = 0.414). But, patients with an equal or higher value than cut-off had an increased risk for complications such as malignant-MCA, bleeding, seizure, etc. (p = 0.05). Malignant-MCA was observed in four patients with higher ONSD values. At the time-24, NIHSS decreased, GCS and ASPECT scores increased. Finally, ONSD was positively correlated with the NIHSS and negatively correlated with the GCS at the time-24. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring ONSD values in both the emergency department and the intensive care unit may be useful in the early diagnosis of MCA stroke complications and the follow-up of TT's effectiveness.

Ischemic preconditioning attenuates lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis.

Sepsis and septic shock are are among the major causes of mortality in intensive care units. The lung and kidney are the organs most affected by sepsis. Evidence exists that lipid peroxidation and apoptosis may be responsible for the high mortality due to sepsis. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) is a method for the protection of tissues and organs against ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing reactive oxygen species levels, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. In the present study, the effects of IP were investigated in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats. The three groups of animals used in the present controlled study were the sham-operated group (sham, n=7), which only underwent a laparotomy; the sepsis group (sepsis, n=7), which underwent cecal ligation and perforation; and the IP + sepsis group (IP+sepsis, n=7), which underwent CLP immediately prior to the application of three cycles of IP to the hind limb. The study was terminated at 6 h after the induction of CLP. Blood, kidney and lung tissue samples were collected for the determination of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and lung tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as histological examination. The serum creatinine, plasma NGAL and lung tissue MDA levels in the sepsis group were significantly increased compared with those in the sham and the IP+sepsis groups (P<0.05). Alveolar macrophage counts, histological kidney and lung injury scores, kidney (caspase 3) and lung tissue immuonreactivity (M30) scores in the sepsis group were also significantly increased compared with those in the sham and IP+sepsis groups (P<0.05). The alveolar macrophage count in the IP+sepsis group was increased compared with that in the sham group (P<0.05). In conclusion, IP inhibits lipid peroxidation and attenuates histological injury and apoptosis in the lung and kidney during sepsis.

The effects of dexmedetomidine on secondary acute lung and kidney injuries in the rat model of intra-abdominal sepsis.

In the present study, the effects of dexmedetomidine on secondary lung and kidney injuries were studied in the rat model of intra-abdominal sepsis by immunohistological and biochemical examinations. We measured serum creatinine, kidney tissue malondialdehide and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. In order to evaluate tissue injury we determined kidney tissue mononuclear cell infiltration score, alveolar macrophage count, histological kidney and lung injury scores and kidney and lung tissue immunoreactivity scores. We demonstrated that dexmedetomidine attenuates sepsis-induced lung and kidney injuries and apoptosis in the rat model of sepsis. There is still need for comparative studies in order to determine the effects of dexmedetomidine on organ functions in early human sepsis.