First Report of Target Spot of Soybean caused by Corynespora cassiicola in the Colombian Eastern Plains.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is an important leguminous crop for Colombia, given the growing demand from the livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries. About 80 percent of Colombian soybean production is in the State, or Department, of Meta, located in the Eastern Plains region, or Llanos Orientales, where the crop has an average yield of 2.5 t.ha-1 (FENALCE 2020). In July 2017, foliar symptoms, including rounded to irregular reddish-brown spots surrounded by a yellowish halo progressing to irregular spots with concentric rings, and in severe cases defoliation, were observed in a production field of Soyica P-34 soybean cultivar in Puerto López, Meta (Colombia). Dark brown lesions on stems and dark-brown to black spots on pods were also observed, and the incidence of symptomatic plants was recorded as 50%. Four infected plants were arbitrarily sampled from different locations across the field, and used for pathogen isolation. Specimen collection was conducted according to the permit conferred to AGROSAVIA under ANLAS' resolution No 1466 of December 03, 2014, Colombia. Symptomatic leaf pieces (~ 5 mm2 sizes) were rinsed with tap water for 1 min, dipped in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water for 1 min, and then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA, 39 g.L-1). Plates were incubated at 25°C for two weeks with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle using dark light. Four monoconidial isolates, with similar morphological characteristics, were obtained. Observations under the light microscope showed that conidia (n=50) were hyaline, elongated, 65-120 × 9-12 µm, with 3 to 10 pseudosepta, corresponding with those characteristics described for Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei (Ellis and Holliday, 1971). Colonies, on PDA medium, were dark gray with abundant aerial mycelia growth. To confirm the morphological identification, extracted DNA from isolates AGSV13 and AGSV15 was used as a template to obtain partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA using the primer pair ITS 5/ITS 4 (White et al. 1990). Results from an NCBI-BLASTn search revealed that the ITS sequences (GenBank accessions MN298749 and MN298751) were 100% identical to those of C. cassiicola in GenBank (Accessions MN945374, AB873045). A phylogenetic analysis, using the maximum likelihood method, based on ITS sequences from voucher specimens of Corynespora spp. available at GenBank, revealed that the two isolates were placed in the same clade as C. cassiicola. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spraying a conidial suspension (1 x 104 conidia.ml-1) of C. cassiicola AGSV13, onto young leaves (two to four true leaf stages) of 10 soybean plants (cv. Soyica P-34). Five plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water and served as non-inoculated control. All plants were incubated at high humidity for seven days at 28°C. Fungal inoculated plants showed typical foliar symptoms of brown spots surrounded by a yellowish halo, similar to those observed in the field. Disease symptoms were not observed on plants of the non-inoculated control. Fungal cultures were recovered from symptomatic leaves of all inoculated plants and verified as similar in morphology to the original C. cassiicola isolates, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on morphology, pathogenicity, and sequence data results, this is the first report of C. cassiicola causing Target spot on soybean in the Eastern Plains of Colombia and expands our knowledge of this disease. Target spot poses a threat to the expanding soybean crops in this country, as the range of yield losses due to this disease, in South America, has been estimated to be 8% to 42%, depending on the cultivar (Edwards Molina et al. 2019). These findings are significant to the soybean industry in Colombia and will be useful to provide better recommendations to growers for disease monitoring and management.

A Genome Resource for the Apple Powdery Mildew Pathogen Podosphaera leucotricha.

Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, is an economically important disease of apple and pear trees. A single monoconidial strain (PuE-3) of this biotrophic fungus was used to extract DNA for Illumina sequencing. Data were assembled to form a draft genome of 43.8 Mb consisting of 8,921 contigs, 9,372 predicted genes, and 96.1% of complete benchmarking universal single copy orthologs (BUSCOs). This is the first reported genome sequence of P. leucotricha that will enable studies of the population biology, epidemiology, and fungicide resistance of this pathogen. Furthermore, this resource will be fundamental to uncover the genetic and molecular mechanisms of the apple-powdery mildew interaction, and support future pome fruit breeding efforts.

Characterization of the Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Andean Blackberry in Colombia.

Since 1992, anthracnose of Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus) has generated losses as high as 40% for farmers in Colombia. In this study, our goal was to characterize 240 Colletotrichum isolates from Andean blackberry in eight areas of Colombia. These isolates were evaluated according to morphological characteristics, sensitivity to benomyl, pathogenicity, and genetic variability. Identification of the genus Colletotrichum was achieved by using species complex-specific polymerase chain reaction primers. A multilocus phylogeny approach was used to identify isolates to the species level with sequences from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and partial sequences of the actin, ß-tubulin 2, calmodulin, chitin synthase 1, glutamine synthetase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. Most of the isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, were associated with the Castilla ecotype, showed high sensitivity to benomyl, and were highly aggressive. Isolates identified as C. acutatum sensu lato were found mainly on the Thornless ecotype, were highly resistant to benomyl, and showed intermediate aggressiveness. Only three isolates were identified as C. boninense sensu lato. The species identified included C. fructicola, C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro, C. godetiae, C. karstii, C. brassicicola, and undetermined Colletotrichum spp. This study is the first report of these species associated with anthracnose in Andean blackberry.