Cuproptosis and physical training: A review.

Copper is an essential element in the human body, involved in many physiological and metabolic functions, including coagulation, oxidative metabolism, and hormone production. The maintenance of copper homeostasis within cells is a complex procedure that is intrinsically controlled by a multitude of intricate mechanisms. Disorders of copper homeostasis encompass a wide range of pathological conditions, including degenerative neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and tumors. Cuproptosis, a recently identified non-apoptotic mode of cell death mode, is characterized by copper dependence and the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Cuproptosis represents a novel form of cell death distinct from the previously described modes, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Excess copper has been shown to induce cuproptosis by stimulating protein toxic stress responses via copper-dependent abnormal oligomerization of lipoylation proteins within the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the subsequent reduction of iron-sulfur cluster protein levels. Ferredoxin1 facilitates the lipoacylation of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, which in turn degrades iron-sulfur cluster proteins by reducing Cu2+ to Cu+, thereby inducing cell death. Furthermore, copper homeostasis is regulated by the copper transporter, and disturbances in this homeostasis result in cuproptosis. Current evidence suggests that cuproptosis plays an important role in the onset and development of several cardiovascular diseases. Copper-chelating agents, including ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (VI) and DL-penicillamine, have been shown to facilitate the alleviation of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting cuproptosis. It is hypothesized that oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors such as physical training may inhibit cuproptosis by inhibiting the protein stress response. In conclusion, the implementation of physical training may be a viable strategy to reducte the incidence of cuproptosis.

Cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery bypass grafting patients: Effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training versus high-intensity interval training.

BACKGROUND: Physical training in patients with heart failure can affect hemodynamic, cardiac and angiogenesis parameters. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of traditional moderate-intensity rehabilitation training and interval training on some angiogenesis factors in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. METHODS: Thirty CABG patients (mean age±SD, 55±3 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or the control group. After the initial assessments, eligible patients in the experimental groups (HIIT and MICT) performed exercise training for 8 weeks, while the control group did not. Angiogenesis and angiostatic indices, including pro-adrenomedullin (pro-ADM), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and endostatin, were then measured. RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference between pro-ADM in the HIIT and MICT groups (P = 0.99), but a significant difference was found between MICT and the control group and between HIIT and the control group (P = 0.001). There is also no significant difference between the bFGF levels in the HIIT and MICT training groups (P = 1.00), but the changes in this factor between the training groups and the control group were significant (P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between the levels of endostatin in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Two methods of cardiac rehabilitation (HIIT and MICT) may be useful for the recovery of patients with coronary artery bypass grafting. This improvement manifested itself in changes in angiogenesis and angiostatic indices in this study. However, more extensive studies are needed to investigate the effects of these two types of rehabilitation programs on other indicators of angiogenesis and angiostatic.

Effect of elastic-band exercise on muscle damage and inflammatory responses in Taekwondo athletes / Efeito do exercício com banda elástica sobre a lesão muscular e as respostas inflamatórias em atletas de Taekwondo / Efectos de los ejercicios con banda elástica sobre la lesión muscular y las respuestas inflamatorias en atletas de Taekwondo

INTRODUCTION: Elastic bands offer variable elastic resistance (ER) throughout a range of motion and their incorporation with exercise movements has been used for variable strength training and rehabilitation purposes. Objective: Investigate the effect of acute bout of progressive elastic-band exercise on muscle damage and inflammatory response in Taekwondo athletes (TKD) compared with untrained ones.METHODS: Fourteen (TKD, n = 7 and untrained, n = 7) men performed 3 sets of progressive resistance elastic exercise. Blood samples were taken pre-exercise and also immediately and 24h post exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, total leukocyte counts, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed.RESULTS: Only DOMS increased in untrained group, but elevation of DOMS was observed in both groups (TKD and untrained) at 24h after exercise (p<0.05). CK and LDH activity increased in both groups significantly. Also TKD group only showed CK increasing 24h post exercise (p<0.05). Total circulating leukocyte counts increased immediately in post exercise experiments and decreased in 24h ones in both groups (p<0.05). Serum IL-6 immediately increased in both groups and 24h post exercises but there was no significant difference between immediate and 24h post exercise experiments in TKD group. Furthermore, CRP just increased 24h after exercise in both groups (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Progressive resistance elastic exercise induced muscle damage and inflammation in TKD athletes, but also had smaller changes in comparison with untrained group and other forms of exercise.

INTRODUÇÃO: As bandas elásticas oferecem resistência elástica (RE) variável em toda a amplitude de movimento, e sua incorporação aos movimentos de exercício tem sido utilizada para fins variáveis de treinamento de força e de reabilitação. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de ciclos agudos de exercício progressivo com banda elástica sobre os danos e respostas inflamatórias dos músculos em atletas de Taekwondo (TKD), em comparação com os indivíduos não treinados.MÉTODOS: Catorze (TKD, n=7 e não treinados, n=7) homens realizaram três conjuntos de exercício elástico com resistência progressiva. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue antes, imediatamente após e 24 horas depois do exercício. Procederam-se às seguintes análises: dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), atividade da creatina quinase (CK) e da lactato desidrogenase (LDH), contagem total de leucócitos, interleucina-6 e proteína C reativa (CRP).RESULTADOS: Só a DMIT aumentou no grupo não treinado, mas a elevação desse parâmetro foi constatada em ambos os grupos (TKD e não treinados) 24 horas depois do exercício (p < 0,05). A atividade da CK e da LDH aumentou significantemente nos dois grupos. Além disso, o grupo TKD só apresentou elevação da CK 24 horas depois do exercício (p < 0,05). As contagens totais de leucócitos circulantes aumentaram imediatamente nas experiências pós-exercício e caíram nas experiências às 24 horas em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05). A IL-6 sérica aumentou de imediato nos dois grupos e 24 horas depois dos exercícios, mas não se constatou diferença significante entre as experiências imediatas e depois de 24 horas no grupo TKD. Além disso, a CRP aumentou apenas 24 horas após o exercício nos dois grupos (p < 0.05).CONCLUSÃO: O exercício progressivo com banda elástica induziu danos musculares e inflamação nos atletas de TKD, tendo porém, alterações menores em comparação com o grupo não treinado e com outras formas de exercício.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las bandas elásticas ofrecen resistencia elástica (RE) variable en toda la amplitud de movimiento, y su incorporación a los movimientos de ejercicios ha sido utilizada para fines variables de entrenamiento de fuerza y de rehabilitación. Objetivo: La finalidad del presente estudio fue investigar el efecto de ciclos agudos de ejercicios progresivos con banda elástica sobre los daños y respuestas inflamatorias de los músculos en atletas de Taekwondo (TKD), en comparación con los individuos no entrenados.MÉTODOS: Catorce (TKD, n=7 y no entrenados, n=7) hombres realizaron tres conjuntos de ejercicios elásticos con resistencia progresiva. Fueron colectadas muestras de sangre antes, inmediatamente después y 24 horas después de los ejercicios. Se procedió a realizar los siguientes análisis: dolor muscular de inicio tardío (DMIT), actividad de creatincinasa (CK) y de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), conteo total de leucocitos, interleucina-6 y proteína C reactiva (CRP).RESULTADOS: Sólo la DMIT aumentó en el grupo no entrenado, pero la elevación de ese parámetro fue constatada en ambos grupos (TKD y no entrenados) 24 horas después de los ejercicios (p < 0,05). La actividad de la CK y de la LDH aumentó significantemente en los dos grupos. Además, el grupo TKD sólo presentó elevación de la CK 24 horas después de los ejercicios (p < 0,05). Los conteos totales de leucocitos circulantes aumentaron inmediatamente en los experimentos post-ejercicio y cayeron en los experimentos a las 24 horas en ambos grupos (p < 0,05). La IL-6 sérica aumentó de inmediato en los dos grupos y 24 horas después de los ejercicios, pero no se constató diferencia significativa entre los experimentos inmediatos y después de 24 horas en el grupo TKD. Además de eso, la CRP aumentó solamente 24 horas después de los ejercicios en los dos grupos (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIÓN: Los ejercicios progresivos con banda elástica indujeron daños musculares e inflamación en los atletas de TKD habiendo, no obstante, alteraciones menores en comparación con el grupo no entrenado y con otras formas de ejercicio.